Pulmonary

Question 1

Define the Oxygen Transport Cascade.

Answer 1

Movement of O₂ from environment → lungs → blood → tissues; driven by diffusion + convection.

Question 2

Mechanisms of O₂ movement.

Answer 2

Convection + diffusion.

Question 3

What is tidal ventilation?

Answer 3

Air entering lungs mixes with existing air (dead-end branching).

Question 4

Define dead space.

Answer 4

Conducting airway volume that does not participate in gas exchange.

Question 5

Minute ventilation formula.

Answer 5

Tidal volume × breathing frequency.

Question 6

Alveolar ventilation formula.

Answer 6

(Tidal volume – dead space) × frequency.

Question 7

What drives inhalation?

Answer 7

Palv < Patm.

Question 8

How alveolar pressure changes.

Answer 8

Chest cavity volume change (Boyle’s Law).

Question 9

Hemoglobin role.

Answer 9

Replenishes O₂ gradient; reversible binding; high affinity in lungs.

Question 10

Right shift causes.

Answer 10

↑CO₂, ↓pH, ↑temp → promotes O₂ unloading.

Question 11

Left shift causes.

Answer 11

↓CO₂, ↑pH, ↓temp → promotes O₂ loading.

Question 12

Bohr effect.

Answer 12

pH/CO₂/temp alter Hb affinity; right shift improves unloading.

Question 13

Main CO₂ carrier.

Answer 13

Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻).

Question 14

Carbonic anhydrase function.

Answer 14

CO₂ ↔ HCO₃⁻ conversion.

Question 15

Respiratory acidosis.

Answer 15

Low ventilation → CO₂ buildup → ↑H⁺.

Question 16

Respiratory alkalosis.

Answer 16

High ventilation → CO₂ loss → ↓H⁺.

Question 17

Breathing control.

Answer 17

Central pattern generator + chemoreceptor input.

Question 18

Peripheral chemoreceptors.

Answer 18

Carotid + aortic bodies detect CO₂/H⁺>O₂.