Nervous system IV

Question 1

What are the 3 types of neurons

Answer 1

Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)
Interneurons

Question 2

pathway of CNS

Answer 2

stimuli —>
sensory neurons (afferent)
CNS interneurons
Motor neurons (efferent)

Question 3

what are axons called in CNS vs PNS

Answer 3

CNS - tract/commisure
PNS - Nerve

Question 4

white vs gray matter

Answer 4

White - myelinated axons
Gray - cell bodies and unmyelinated structures

Question 5

Forebrain vs Midbrain

Answer 5

Forebrain - Higher functions
Midbrain - Low level basic functions

Question 6

How does brain connectivity change with experience?

Answer 6

Synapses remodel, new neurons may form, and learning/memory reshape circuits.

CONNECTIVITY is plastic

Question 7

What is a ganglion?

Answer 7

A swelling containing neuron cell bodies in the PNS.

Where neurons project into the CNS

Question 8

What neurotransmitter do somatic neurons use, and is it excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 8

A: Acetylcholine; always excitatory to skeletal muscle.

Question 9

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system, and how do they differ?

Answer 9

Sympathetic (“fight/flight,” thoracolumbar, short-long neurons, norepinephrine at target)

Parasympathetic (“rest/digest,” craniosacral, long-short neurons, ACh at target).

Question 10

What neurotransmitters are used by pre- vs post-ganglionic neurons?

Answer 10

Pre = ACh (both).

Post = ACh (parasymp) or NE (symp)

Question 11

Which organs are innervated exclusively by sympathetic division?

Answer 11

Adrenal gland and blood vessels.

Question 12

Somatic nervous system:

Answer 12

neurons project form CNS directly to skeletal muscle, action potentials are always stimulatory via acetylcholine

Question 13

How is spinal column different in invertebrates and vertebrates

Answer 13

it is continuous in vertebrates

Question 14

Afferent pathway or peripheral nervous system includes…

Answer 14

Somatic sensory neurons and receptors

Autonomic sensory neurons and receptors

Question 15

Control center of peripheral nervous system includes…

Answer 15

Brain/Spinal cord

Question 16

Efferent pathway of peripheral nervous system includes

Answer 16

Autonomic motor neurons, and sympathetic/parasympathetic effectors.

Somatic motor neurons and skeletal muscle

Question 17

Sympathetic Location vs Para w/ ganglia

Answer 17

Sympathetic - Thoracolumbar chain ganglia

Para - Craniosacral, ganglia near organ

Question 18

Sympathetic vs Para neuron length

Answer 18

Sympathetic - short-long
Para - long-short

Question 19

Sympathetic vs Para innervation

Answer 19

Sympathetic - Adrenal glands
Para- Blood vessels

Question 20

Sympathetic vs Para Digestion

Answer 20

Sympathetic - inhibits
Para - stimulates

Question 21

Sympathetic vs Para heartbreat

Answer 21

Sympathetic - inc
para - slows

Question 22

Sympathetic vs Para blood vessels

Answer 22

Sympathetic - constricts to kidneys and gut, dilates to skeletal muscle
Para- Dilates

Question 23

Sympathetic vs Para Blood pressure

Answer 23

Sympathetic - Inc.
Para- Dec.

(EMT’s should know this)

Question 24

Sympathetic vs Para Lung passages

Answer 24

Sympathetic - dilates
Para - constricts

Question 25

which system causes Epi secretion

Answer 25

Sympathetic