MBChB Year 1 Phase 1 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

list the 3 main functions of the skin

A

protection, regulation and sensation

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2
Q

name the 5 layers of the epidermis (deep to sueprficial)

A

basement membrane, basal layer, spinous layer, granular layer, stratum corneum

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3
Q

describe the stratum corneum

A

contains large flat plate like envelopes filled with cross linked keratin

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4
Q

describe the stratum granulosum

A

cells are becoming flattened due to starting to loose their nucleus and cytoplasm

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5
Q

describe the stratum spinosum

A

contains polyhedral keratinocytes connected by desmosomes

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6
Q

describe the stratum basale

A

thin layer of mitotically active cells involved in the constant regeneration of other layers

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7
Q

describe the basement membrane

A

sheet like layer of extracellular matrix proteins

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8
Q

what extra layer is only found in thick skin

A

stratum lucidum

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9
Q

name the layers of the dermis, superficial to deep

A

papillary layer and reticular layer

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10
Q

describe the tissue found in the dermis

A

collagen type 1 fibres for tensile strength, elastin fibres for stretch

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11
Q

name the three roles of the hypodermis/subcutis

A

energy source, shock absorption, insulation

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12
Q

how are free nerve endings formed in the skin

A

papillary dermis forms attatchments with merkel cells, acting as mechanoreceptors

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13
Q

describe meissner’s corpuscles

A

rapidly acting mechanoreceptors responsible for touch

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14
Q

what are the three layers of the skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis/subcutis

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15
Q

what type of junction connects the stratum basale to the basement membrane

A

hemidesomosomes

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16
Q

what are hemidesmosomes

A

strong junctions

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17
Q

what are keratinocytes

A

keratin producing cells

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18
Q

what is the function of keratin

A

waterproofing skin

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19
Q

what holds the stratum spinosum together

A

desmosomes

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20
Q

what happens as cells move up the epidermis

A

they become keratinised and begin to die due to lack of nutrients

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21
Q

is the epidermis vascular or avascular

A

avascular

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22
Q

how many layers of keratin are there

A

20-30

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23
Q

how does the epidermis get its nutrients

A

supplied by the dermis

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24
Q

what is in the papillary layer

A

connective tissue

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25
define connective tissue
tissue that connects, supports, binds or separates tissues/organs
26
what is the reticular layer made of
highly dense connective tissue
27
what are additional features of the dermis
blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, receptors and muscles
28
what does the hypodermis/subcutis contain
cells such as macrophages, fat cells and a network of protein fibres
29
where are keratinocytes found
in the epidermis
30
what is keratin
a tough fibrous protein
31
what other than keratin do keratinocytes produce
lamellar granules
32
what is the function of lamellar granules
help waterproof the skin
33
where are melanocytes found
in the epidermis
34
what do melanocytes produce
melanin granules
35
what is the function of melanin
to absorb UV radiation so protects the skin from sun damage
36
what are langerhans cells
a part of the immune system that originates in the bone marrow, and moves to the epidermis
37
what is the function of langerhans cells
recognise foreign microbes and engulf them
38
where are merkel cells found
at the border of the epidermis
39
what is each merkel cell associated with
a nerve ending called a merkel disc
40
what is the function of fibroblasts
to synthesise collagen, elastin and other extracellular components
41
where can most of the lymphocytes in the skin be found?
the dermis
42
what are the functions of lymphocytes
carry out immunosurveillance
43
what are the function of mast cells
produces substances that cause infammation such as histamine
44
how often does the skin renew
a layer every 24hrs, completely renews every 28 days
45
how does skin renewal benefit the immune system
it removes potentially harmful pathogens from the surface of the skin
46
what are the three overlapping stages of wound healing
inflammatory, proliferative and remodelling
47
how are clots formed
fibrin and platelets combine to seal the wound from the external environment
48
what is the formation of a clot known as
haemostasis
49
what is inflammation triggered by
changes in microvasculature
50
when does inflammation resolve
after neutrophils have finished clearing out dead tissue
51
what are the main purposes of inflammation
expel foreign bodies, isolate damaged area, promote healing and tissue repair
52
what happens during the proliferative phase
cell proliferation and movement of epithelial cells to the injury site
53
how do fibroblasts move to the injury site
along fibrin threads
54
how do fibroblasts contribute to clotting
they secrete collagen which strengthens the clot
55
what is granulation tissue
delicate tissue that grows beneath a scab
56
how is collagen deposited
in a random arrangement
57
what is the change in type of collagen in the remodelling phase of wound healing
type 3 to type 1
58
what happens when collagen changes type
granulation tissue becomes scar tissue
59
what does the level of scarring depend on
the depth and severity of the wound
60
does scar tissue or normal tissue have more collagen fibres
scar tissue
61
why are scars lighter in colour than normal skin
due to the arrangement of blood vessels
62
what is an incised wound
a wound caused by a clean cut from a sharp object
63
what treatment is required for an incised wound
if deep it may require stitches
64
what is a laceration
a wound caused by blunt/ripping force
65
what treatment is required for a laceration
a lot of cleaning
66
what is an abrasion
a superficial wound in which the topmost layers of skin are scraped off
67
what is a contusion
a blunt blow can cause the rupture of capillaries below the skinw
68
what is a puncture wound
a deep wound with a small entry site
69
how should a puncture wound be treated
often best to leave this type of wound open, allowing infection to drain
70
what is healing by primary intention
a clean uninfected wound, minimal cell/tissue loss and the edges of the wound are approximated by sutures
71
what is healing by secondary intention
a wound with large tissue defects, potentially infected and the wound would not be approximated but is left open
72
what age is a young person presumed to have capacity
16
73
list the levels of organisation in the body from biggest to smallest
body, system, organ, tissue, cell and molecules
74
function of lysosomes
degrade unwanted molecules
75
function of peroxisomes
breaks down fatty acids and production of cholesterol and bile
76
three types of cytoskeleton
microtubules, microfilalments and intermediate filaments
77
describe tight junctions
join adjacent epithelial cells, functions as a gate and fence
78
describe adherens junctions
cell to cell junction, modulate actin cytoskeleton based processes
79
describe desmosome junctions
cell to cell junction, connect intermediate filaments
80
describe hemidesmosomes
cell to ECM junction, strong adhesions
81
describe GAP junctions
cell to cell junction, allow a passage of small molecules
82
describe focal adhesion junctions
cell to ECM junction, anchor cells to the ECM
83
what is the term for the scaffold and nutrition of tissues
stroma
83
what is the term for working tissue
parenchyma
84
four stages of tissue processing for histology
fixation, embedding, sectioning and staining
85
does haemotoxylin stain basic or acidic structures
acidic
86
does eosin stain acidic or basic structures
basic
87
four shapes of cells
squamous - flat cuboidal - cube columnar - tall cylinder transitional - readily changing shape
88
names of layers of cells in histology
simple - single layer stratified - two or more layers pseudostratified - one or more layers with a mix of cell types
MBChB Year 1 Phase 1
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