MBChB Year 1 Phase 1 > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

what is cartilage

A

a type of connective tissue

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2
Q

what is cartilage made of

A

dense network of collagen or elastin, and the associated matrix materials which will provide strength and resilience

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3
Q

what is the cartilage extracellular matrix deposited by

A

chondroblasts which into chondrocytes

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4
Q

where do chondrocytes sit in the extracellular matrix

A

the spaces - lacunae

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5
Q

what is the perichondrium

A

a sheet of connective tissue that covers the surface of most cartilage throughout the body

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6
Q

what are the 3 cartilage classifications

A

hyaline, fibrocartalige, elastic

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7
Q

what is hyaline cartilage composed of

A

fine type 2 fibres bound together by a resilient gel like matrix material

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8
Q

what is the function of hyaline cartilage

A

to provide flexability and support, reducing friction and absorbing shock

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9
Q

what is the function of hyaline cartilage in the foetus

A

it forms a temporary skeleton, which is then gradually ossified

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10
Q

what else does hyaline cartilage form

A

the epiphyseal plates in growing long bones

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11
Q

what is fibrocartilage composed of

A

thick bundles of collagen fibres interspersed with chondrocytes in their lacunae

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12
Q

what is the function of fibrocartilage

A

provides strength and rigidity

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13
Q

where is fibrocartilage found

A

intervertebral discs, tendon attatchment to bones, and junctions between the flat bones of the pelvis

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14
Q

what is elastic cartilage composed of

A

a thread like network of elastic and collagen fibres interspersed with chondrocytes in their lacunae

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15
Q

what is the function of elastic cartilage

A

provides and maintains the shapes of various structures

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16
Q

where is elastic cartilage found

A

the auricle of the ear, the walls of the external auditory meatus, and the epiglottis of the larynx

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17
Q

how is cartilage nourished

A

its avascular so is nourished through diffusion

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18
Q

what is bone

A

a specialised type of connective tissue which has a mineralised extracellular component

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19
Q

what is the periosteum

A

a layer of connective tissue that surrounds bone

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20
Q

what is the function of periosteum

A

to nourish the tissue and provide and interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments

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21
Q

what are the two types of bone

A

compact bone and spongy bone

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22
Q

what do all bones have

A

a superficial thin layer of compact bone around a central mass of spongy bone

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23
Q

what happens in the medullary cavity and spicules of spongy bone of adult bone

A

blood cells and platelets are formed

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24
Q

what is the function of compact bone

A

provide strength for weight bearing in long bones, designed for rigidity and attachment of muscles and ligaments

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25
where is most of the compact bone found
near the middle of the body of the bone
26
what is the rigidity and elasticity of living bones like
a little bit of elasticity and great rigidity
27
what are the 5 different shapes of bones
long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid
28
what are long bones
tubular structures (humerus and femur)
29
what are short bones
cuboidal structures
30
what are flat bones
serve protective functions, consist of two compact bone plates separated by spongy bone
31
what are sesamoid bones
round or oval bones that develop in tendons
32
when do bone markings appear
wherever tendons, ligaments and fascia are attached where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bones
33
what are the 4 main types of bone cells
osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
34
what are osteogenic cells
unspecialised mesenchymal cells
35
where are osteogenic cells found
mostly alongside membranes that surround bones and the blood vessels in bone canals
36
what do osteogenic cells do
the only bone cells that undergo cell divisions with the resulting cells becoming bone producing cells
37
what is a mesenchymal cell
a tissue from which most connective tissue is derived
38
what are osteoblasts
bone producing cells
39
where are osteoblasts found
regions of bone formation such as the growing surface of growing bones or areas undergoing remodelling
40
what happens when the matrix is formed by osteoblasts
the osteoblasts become trapped in their own secretions and eventually are turned into osteocytes
41
what are osteocytes
the major cell type found in mature bone
42
what are osteocytes derived from
osteoblasts
43
where are osteocytes found
within the matrix of the bone
44
what is the secondary function of osteocytes
maintain the daily metabolism of bone tissue, which includes the exchange of nutrients and waste within the blood
45
what is the primary function of osteoclasts
local removal of bone growth and subsequent remodelling of the bone surface
46
what is resorption
local removal of bone growth
47
how do osteoclasts carry out resorption
they release HCL
48
what is the inorganic mineral in bone called
hydroxyapatite
49
what is a joint
where two or more bones articulate
50
what are fibrous joints
connected by dense connective tissue, have no joint cavity
51
what are cartilaginous joints
connected by hyaline cartilage and have no joint cavity
52
what are synovial joints
have a synovial, fluid filled cavity that surrounds the articulating bones
53
what are synarthrosis joints
joints that don't provide any movement
54
what are amphiarthrosis joints
joints that provide only a small degree of movement
55
what diarthrosis joints
joints that allow free movement
56
what are the three types of fibrous joints
suture, gomphosis and syndesmosis
57
where are suture joints found
between the plate bones of the skull
58
what are syndesmosis joints
two bones held together by interosseous ligament
59
what does an interosseous ligament consist of
long collagenous fibres
60
what are the two types of catilaginous joints
synchondrosis and symphyses
61
what are the 6 shapes of synovial joints
pivot, hinge, plane, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
62
describe the structure of a tendon
muscle bellie, containing fasicles which are wrapped in perimysium, fibers in the fasicle, endomysium found between fibers
63
name the 6 skeletal muscle classifications
flat, pennate, fusiform, convergent, quadrate, circular/sphincteral
64
describe flat muscles
parallel fibers often with an aponeurosis
65
describe pennate muscles
feather like
66
describe fusiform muscles
spindle shaped with a round thick belly and tapered ends
67
describe convergent muscles
arise from a broad area and converge to form a single tendon
68
describe quadrate muscles
have four equal sides
69
describe circular/sphincteral muscles
surround a body opening and act as a closure
70
name the four main layers of the body from superficial to deep
skin, subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia), deep fascia, muscle
71
what are the 2 groups of back muscles
extrinsic and intrinsic
72
what are the extrinsic back muscles innervated by
anterior rami of the spinal nerves
73
what are the intrinsic back muscles innervated by
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
74
name the 4 posterior axioappendicular muscles
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids (major and minor)
75
3 origins of the trapezius
superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament, C7-T12 spinous processes
76
3 insertions of the trapezius
descending - lateral 3rd of clavicle, horizontal - acromion of the scapula, ascending - spine of the scapula
77
4 origins of the latissimus dorsi
spinous processes T7-T12, thoraco-lumbar aponeurosis, dorsal surface of sacrum, dorsal 1/3 of the iliac crest
78
insertion of the latissimus dorsi
humerus
79
2 origins of the rhomboids
spinous processes of the lower cervical area, upper thoracic vertebrae
80
interstion of the rhomboids
medial margin of scapula
81
2 attachments of the levator scapulae
vertebrae C1-C4, scapulae superior angle
82
what is the diaphysis
long midsection of the bone
83
what is the epiphysis
enlarged wide end of a long bone that articulates with other bones at joints
84
what is the metaphysis
area of transition between epiphysis and diaphysis
85
what is the endosteum
thin membrane that lines internal surfaces of the bone
86
4 phases of bone remodelling
resorption, reversal, formation, quiescence
87
what occurs in the resoption phase
attraction of osteoclast precursors to target side and differentiation into osteoclasts which reabsorb bone
88
what occurs in the reversal phase of bone remodelling
the osteoclasts undergo apoptosis and are replaced by osteoblasts precursors
89
what occurs in the formation phase of bone remodelling
osteoblast precursors differentiate into mature osteoblasts forming new bone, some become trapped forming osteocytes whilst some become bone lining cells
90
what occurs in the quiescence phase of bone remodelling
resting state where most bone surfaces are covered by bone lining cells, waiting for signals to initiate a new remodelling cycle
91
what are the 3 levels of bone remodelling regulation
activation of osteoclasts is controlled through the RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway, differentiation of osteoblast lineage cells, the osteocyte as a signalling cell
MBChB Year 1 Phase 1
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