week 10

Question 1

function of the kidney

Answer 1

filters blood and eventually makes urine

Question 2

what is peritoneum

Answer 2

serous membrane, 2 layers of meothelium

Question 3

what are the kidneys

Answer 3

retroperitoneal

Question 4

what is the purple layer

Answer 4

the cortex

Question 5

what is the yellow layered

Answer 5

medulla

Question 6

what is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 6

nephron

Question 7

what are the renal tubules comprised of

Answer 7

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule

Question 8

what is above the right kidney

Answer 8

liver

Question 9

what is above the left kidney

Answer 9

spleen

Question 10

what is peristalsis

Answer 10

involuntary constriction and relaxation of the ureter

Question 11

what is the exocrine function of the testes

Answer 11

sperm cell

Question 12

what is the endocrine function of the testes

Answer 12

testosterone

Question 13

parts of the male urethra

Answer 13

prostatic, membranous, pendulous

Question 14

what is the first stage of life before birth

Answer 14

preimplantation

Question 15

what is the second stage of life before birth

Answer 15

embryonic stage

Question 16

what is the third stage of life before birth

Answer 16

fetal stage

Question 17

key events in week 1 of pregnancy

Answer 17

• mitotic divisions of the fertilised egg
• overall size remains the same

Question 18

what is the narrow region of the uterine tube

Answer 18

isthmus

Question 19

what is the zona pellucida

Answer 19

a tough coat helping to maintain size and stop from early implantation

Question 20

what is a morula

Answer 20

cluster of cells that are maximising contact with each other, held together by tight junctions

Question 21

when is the first sign of cellular differentiation in pregnancy

Answer 21

day 5/6

Question 22

what does the inner cell mass go on to form

Answer 22

the embryo and extraembryonic tissues

Question 23

what is in the blastocyst cavity

Answer 23

fluid filled

Question 24

what are the first signs of cellular differentiation

Answer 24

formation of the inner cell mass and trophoblast cells

Question 25

why does the blastocyst need to implant

Answer 25

as it starts to run out of nutrients

Question 26

describe hatching of the blastocyst from the zona pellucida

Answer 26

zona pellucida thins due to blastocyst cavity increasing fluid volume

Question 27

what occurs in week two of pregnancy

Answer 27

implantation

Question 28

what happens when the blastocyst makes contact with the endometrium

Answer 28

a process called decidualisation occurs in the stromal cell of the uterus

Question 29

what happens to the cells closest to the inside of the embryo during implantation

Answer 29

they become a single layer of cells called the cytotrophoblast

Question 30

what happens to the cells closest to the outside of the embryo during implantation

Answer 30

a more extensive and invasive layer called the syncytiotrophoblast

Question 31

describe a synctiotrophoblast

Answer 31

1 cell, plural nuclei, formed via fusion of cells

Question 32

what does the inner cell mass form

Answer 32

epiblast and the hypoblast, together forming the bilaminar disc

Question 33

what are extra embryonic membranes

Answer 33

derived from blastocyst

Question 34

describe the amnion

Answer 34

- continous w/epiblast - lines the amniotic cavity - present until birth

Question 35

describe the chorion

Answer 35

- double layered - lines chorionic cavity seen in early pregnancy - forms fetal component of the placenta

Question 36

describe the yolk sac

Answer 36

- continuous w/hypoblast - important in nutrient transfer week 2-3, disappears by week 20

Question 37

describe the allantois

Answer 37

- forms as an outgrowth of the yolk sac - contributes to umbilical arteries - connects to fetal bladder

Question 38

what happens in week three of pregnancy

Answer 38

a process of cell division and migration resulting in the formation of the three germ layers

Question 39

what three layers are formed by gastrulation

Answer 39

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 40

what is a key sign that gastrulation is about to occur

Answer 40

primitive steak

Question 41

what is the primitive steak

Answer 41

thickened area of cells

Question 42

what happens in the primitive streak

Answer 42

cells migrate towards and invaginate through the primitive streak, creating a new layer

Question 43

what germ layer relates to the musculoskeletal system

Answer 43

mesoderm

Question 44

most to least potent

Answer 44

totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent

Question 45

what are the two types of nephron

Answer 45

superficial and juxtamedullary

Question 46

describe the nephron role

Answer 46

continuous layer of epithelium

Question 47

what are the four sections of the nephron

Answer 47

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Question 48

describe the renal glomerular filtration system

Answer 48

holes in the wall of the glomerular capillary, filter exists in the gap between podocyte processes

Question 49

what is the limit of glomerulus ultrafiltration

Answer 49

the space between podocyte processes

Question 50

what type of reabsorption occurs in the PCT

Answer 50

active

Question 51

describe the reabsorption in the PCT

Answer 51

- complete reabsorption of glucose and amino acids - substantial reabsorption of Na+ and water

Question 52

describe the loop of henle

Answer 52

- thinner wall during descent into the medulla - thicker wall during ascent from the medulla - solute diffuses in and out of the tubules

Question 53

describe DCT reabsorption and secretion

Answer 53

- similar to PCT but less dense - less intense electrolytes and water reabsorption

Question 54

what is the collecting duct permeability set by

Answer 54

ADH/AVP

Question 55

describe the collecting duct

Answer 55

- pass close to the tips of the loop - if they are permeable to water then water leaves duct and is reabsorbed

Question 56

what are aquaporins

Answer 56

protein channels

Question 56

what is ADH/AVP

Answer 56

an antidiretic hormone

Question 57

function of aquaporins

Answer 57

water reabsorption

Question 58

what happens when electrolyte concentrations fall

Answer 58

aldosterone increases

Question 59

what does an increase in aldosterone cause

Answer 59

- reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- from the loop, distal tubule and duct cells - increased K+ secretion

Question 60

what is a screening test

Answer 60

a test offered to an asymptomatic person to detect those who have a high probability of having a disease

Question 61

what describes the measurement of pressure as bladder fills

Answer 61

cystometrogram

Question 62

describe the bladder

Answer 62

- smooth muscle allowing volume changes - detrusor activity is affected by reflexes - contraction of detrusor produces additional pressure

Question 63

what is a multi-barrel catheter used for

Answer 63

bladder investigation

Question 64

describe the male sphincter

Answer 64

strong external sphincter

Question 65

describe the female sphincter

Answer 65

less skeletal muscle so weaker sphincter

Question 66

describe afferent bladder control

Answer 66

- sensory fibres sensing the stretch of the bladder wall - sensors near the urethra sense flow of the urine - skeletal muscle sensors in the external sphincter

Question 67

describe efferent bladder control

Answer 67

- parasympathetic to detrusor - sympathetic to internal sphincter - somatic to external sphincter