MBChB Year 1 Phase 1 > week 12 > Flashcards

week 12 Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

how is sound transmitted

A

through vibration of a medium

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2
Q

what causes sound to be quieter the further away it is

A

pressure waves dissipating

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3
Q

what is our Hz range whilst we are young adults

A

20-20,000 Hz

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4
Q

what increase 10 decibels cause

A
  • ten times the sound energy
  • twice the perceived loudness
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5
Q

define the threshold in an audiogram

A

the quietist sound that a person is consciously aware of

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6
Q

what does dB SPL stand for

A

decibel sound pressure level

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7
Q

what does dB HL stand for

A

decibel hearing loss

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8
Q

what does sound require to transmit

A

a medium whose particles vibrate

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9
Q

what is intensity in audiology

A

the strength of the vibrations

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10
Q

why do we have two ears

A

localisation of sound in the horizontal plane

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11
Q

describe the pinna

A

cup shaped and forward facing for localisation of sound

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12
Q

how much can the pinna and ear canal increase sound pressure by

A

20 dB

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13
Q

what is the term for difference in resistance

A

impedance mismatch

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14
Q

what collects sound energy over a large area

A

tympanic membrane

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15
Q

is the vibration of air or bone more dense

A

bone

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16
Q

what are the two key functions of the 3 ossicle system

A
  • amplification
  • sensitivity to high frequency
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17
Q

what is the middle ear

A

an air filled cavity

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18
Q

what three small bones make up the middle ear

A
  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
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19
Q

what two protective muscles are found in the middle ear

A
  • stapedius reflex
  • tensor tympani
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20
Q

what tube connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear

A

the eustachian tube

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21
Q

what does the eustachian tube allow for

A

air to enter and leave the middle ear

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22
Q

what does dysfunction of the eustachian tube cause

A

blocked feeling and poor hearing

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23
Q

describe conductive hearing loss

A

nerve endings are not damaged

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24
Q

what effectively amplifies sound in the middle ear

A

the surface area of the tympanic membrane is much larger than the area of the oval window

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25
what two sensory structures are found in the inner ear
- vestibular apparatus - cochlea
26
what taste has a protective function
bitterness is the most sensitive
27
what type of papillae carry taste buds
fungiform papillae
28
what type of papillae are a rough surface for manipulation of food
filiform papillae
29
what is the sensory cell relating to taste buds
gustatory receptor cell
30
how does taste work
- substances from food dissolve in saliva - saliva enters taste pore - gustatory receptor cell depolarises in response - G protein coupled receptor - nerve impulse travels along afferent nerve
31
what nerves supply the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
- lingual nerve - chorda tympani
32
what nerve supplies the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
glossopharyngeal
33
what is flavour mostly due to
smell
34
describe the nose
horizontal structure, 7cm long
35
describe quiet breathing
laminal airflow over the inferior turbinate
36
describe sniff breathing
turbulence to mix the air and send odorants to the roof of the nose
37
describe olfactory receptors
G-coupled protein receptors located on the cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons
38
what type of cells support olfactory receptor cells
sustentacular
39
what three locations does the olfactory nerve project to
- amygdala - hippocampus - parahippocampal gyrus
40
what are two examples of time when loss of taste can occur
- surgery to the ears - surgery to the salivary glands
41
how many cranial nerves are there
12
42
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there
31
43
what does the olfactory nerve supply
smell
44
what does the optic nerve supply
vision
45
what do the abducens, oculomotor and trochlear nerves supply
eye movements
46
what does the trigeminal nerve supply
motor to muscles of mastication and sensory to the face
47
what does the facial nerve supply
facial expression muscles
48
what does the vestibulocochlear nerve supply
hearing and balance
49
what does the vagus nerve supply
wandering nerve supply
50
what does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply
swallowing and taste
51
what does the spinal accessory nerve supply
neck muscles
52
what does the hypoglossal nerve supply
tongue muscles
53
what gland produces tears
lacrimal gland
54
what is the function of tear production
- lubricate movement - remove debris
55
function of sinuses
- reduce weight of the skull - allow circulation of mucous - contribute to resonance of sounds
56
what keeps the eye looking straight
extra-ocular muscles
57
function of superior rectus and inferior oblique
elevation and abduction
58
function of the medial rectus and lateral rectus
adducts the eye
59
function of the inferior rectus and the superior oblique
depression
60
what is the clincal term for smelling
olfaction
61
what are conchae
3 curved bony projections on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
62
function of conchae
- increase surface area - increase chance of olfactory exposure
63
term describing inside of the cheek
buccal surface
64
what term describes the space below the teeth
lingual surface
65
what is the only bone not connected to others
hyoid
66
what stops food passing to the respiratory tract
epiglottis
67
describe the foramen caecum
location of thyroid during embryological development
68
what shape are foliate papillae
leaf like at the edge
69
what shape are fungiform papillae
mushroom like
70
what shape are filiform papillae
thread like
71
what branch of nerve 7 carries taste fibers
chorda tympani
72
what are the three main parts of the ear
external ear, middle ear and inner ear
73
what membrane is found between the cochlea
scala media
74
what is labelled
iris
75
what is labelled
vitreous chamber
76
what is labelled
posterior chamber
77
what is labelled
lens
78
what is labelled
cornea
79
what is labelled
optic nerve
80
what is labelled
sclera
81
what is labelled
retina
82
what is labelled
pupil
83
what is labelled
anterior chamber
84
what is labelled
pupil
85
what is labelled
iris
86
what is labelled
sclera
87
what is labelled
stapes
88
what is labelled
malleus
89
what is labelled
incus
MBChB Year 1 Phase 1
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