week 11

Question 1

the mouth is the opening to what

Answer 1

the alimentary canal

Question 2

name the six parts of the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 2

• oral cavity
• pharynx
• oesophagus
• stomach
• small intestine
• large intestine

Question 3

layers of the gastrointestinal tract from deep to superficial

Answer 3

muscosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, serosa

Question 4

describe the type of muscle in the oesophagus

Answer 4

upper 1/3 - skeletal
middle 1/3 - mixed
lower 1/3 - smooth

Question 5

what is the 1st area of the abdomen

Answer 5

right hypochondrium

Question 6

what is the 2nd area of the abdomen

Answer 6

epigastric

Question 7

what is the 3rd area of the abdomen

Answer 7

left hypochondrium

Question 8

what is the 4th area of the abdomen

Answer 8

right lumbar

Question 9

what is the 5th area of the abdomen

Answer 9

umbilical

Question 10

what is the 6th area of the abdomen

Answer 10

left lumbar

Question 11

what is the 7th area of the abdomen

Answer 11

right iliac fossa

Question 12

what is the 8th area of the abdomen

Answer 12

suprapubic/hypogastrium

Question 13

what is the 9th area of the abdomen

Answer 13

left iliac fossa

Question 14

what controls entry into the small intestine

Answer 14

pyloric sphincter

Question 15

what prevents acid backflow from the stomach to the oesophagus

Answer 15

cardiac sphincter

Question 16

what are the folds of mucosal lining on the stomach called

Answer 16

rugae

Question 17

what extra muscular layer on the stomach helps with churing

Answer 17

oblique muscle

Question 18

function of pepsinogen

Answer 18

degredation

Question 19

what cell makes sure that the stomach lining isn’t damaged by acidity

Answer 19

mucous neck cell

Question 20

what three parts comprise the small intestine

Answer 20

• duodenum
• jejunum
• ileum

Question 21

role of the small intestine

Answer 21

primary site for digestion and absorption

Question 22

describe the deudenum

Answer 22

• receives chyme
• contains brunners glands
• receives common bile duct

Question 23

where does the duodenum end

Answer 23

duodenojejunal junction

Question 24

function of brunners glands

Answer 24

alkaline secretion

Question 25

what is chyme

Answer 25

partially digested stomach material

Question 26

function of the pancreas

Answer 26

exocrine: - produces many digestive enzymes endocrine: - islets of langerhans - hormones - insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

Question 27

describe the livers blood supply

Answer 27

dual blood supply

Question 28

describe the structure of the large intestine

Answer 28

- cecum - appendix on the cecum - ascending (right) colon - transverse colon - descending (left) colon - sigmoid colon - rectum

Question 29

where is the cecum found

Answer 29

between the ilium of the small intestine and ascending colon

Question 30

what two features differentiate the large intestine

Answer 30

- taenia coli -> incomplete layers of longitudinal muscle, 3 bands - haustra -> ring like circular muscle

Question 31

function of goblet cells

Answer 31

aids in fluid absorption

Question 32

what three main vessels supply the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 32

- coeliac trunk (foregut) - superior mesenteric artery (mid gut) - inferior mesenteric artery (hind gut)

Question 33

what is produced in glycolysis (net)

Answer 33

2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 pyruvate

Question 34

what are the two stages of glycolysis

Answer 34

- energy investment stage - energy pay off stage

Question 35

what turns pyruvate into acetyl coenzyme A

Answer 35

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 36

what is the committed step for glycolysis

Answer 36

phosphofructokinase

Question 37

what does NADH do in anaerobic conditions

Answer 37

helps in lactate formation, no further ATP produced

Question 38

what does NADH do in aerobic conditions

Answer 38

can be used to make more ATP in mitochondria

Question 39

where in the cell does pyruvate change to acetyl-coA

Answer 39

mitochondria

Question 40

what enzyme helps in lactate production

Answer 40

lactate dehydrogenase

Question 41

what does the aerobic change from pyruvate to acetyle coA require

Answer 41

vitamins as co-factors, thiamine

Question 42

how many reactions occur in the krebs cycle

Answer 42

8

Question 43

what is the first reaction in the krebs cycle

Answer 43

coenzyme A into citrate, condensed by oxaloacetate

Question 44

what is regenerated at the end of the krebs cycle

Answer 44

oxaloacetate

Question 45

what from the krebs cycle links forward to the ETC

Answer 45

NADH and FADH2

Question 46

what is gluconeogenesis

Answer 46

essentially a reversal of glycolysis

Question 47

what can convert glucose-6-phosphate back into glucose

Answer 47

the liver

Question 48

what are the three substrates for gluconeogenesis

Answer 48

lactate, glycerol, amino acids

Question 49

what does glucose require to enter tissues

Answer 49

transporter proteins

Question 50

what transporter proteins move glucose

Answer 50

GLUT1-GLUT4

Question 51

describe active glucose transportation

Answer 51

using energy provided by co-transport of sodium

Question 52

when is active glucose transportation needed

Answer 52

in the intestine to absorb from gut lumen and kidney to reabsorb from filtrate

Question 53

what glucose transporter is insulin responsive

Answer 53

GLUT4

Question 54

function of carbohydrates

Answer 54

energy source

Question 55

function of proteins

Answer 55

repair and growth

Question 56

function of fats

Answer 56

long term energy store and insulation

Question 57

function of fibre

Answer 57

effective bowel function

Question 58

three types of carbohydrates

Answer 58

- monosaccharides - disaccharides - polysaccharides

Question 59

what do the chief cells in the stomach secrete

Answer 59

pepsinogen

Question 60

what is a zymogens

Answer 60

inactive forms of enzymes

Question 61

functions of bile

Answer 61

- emulsification of lipid aggregates - solubilisation and transport of lipids in aqueous environment

Question 62

function of the duodenum

Answer 62

- mixing pancreas, liver and duodenum secretions with food - neutralisation of acid - further digestion - absorption

Question 63

functions of the jejunum

Answer 63

- completing breakdown - nutrient absorption

Question 64

function of the ileum

Answer 64

nutrient absorption

Question 65

what are chylomicrons

Answer 65

lipid carrying microns

Question 66

what is metabolism defined as

Answer 66

the sum of all chemical reactions

Question 67

what five things is energy for

Answer 67

- contraction of muscle - accumulation of ions and molecules - biosynthesis - waste disposal - generation of heat

Question 68

when is a reaction ΔG +ve

Answer 68

if the product contains more energy than the substrate

Question 69

what does exergonic mean

Answer 69

releases energy

Question 70

what term describes a reaction that takes in energy

Answer 70

endergonic

Question 71

what three components make up ATP

Answer 71

- adenine - ribose - phosphate groups

Question 72

high risk factors of colon cancer

Answer 72

- too much red meat - too little fibre - obesity - smoking - alcohol - inherited conditions

Question 73

presentation of colon cancer

Answer 73

- blood in stool - change in bowel habit - abdominal pain - weight loss

Question 74

what are the seven points of the metastatic cascade

Answer 74

- invasion - intravasation - transport - extravasation - colonisation - angiogenesis

Question 75

what is organotropism

Answer 75

the biological tendency of certain diseases, especially cancers, to target and spread to specific organs, rather than randomly throughout the body