MBChB Year 1 Phase 1 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

name the 3 different shapes of bacteria

A

cocci - spherical
bacilli - cylindrical
spirochaetes - helical

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2
Q

what does the arrangement of bacteria depend on

A

the plane of successive cell divisions

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3
Q

what are examples of bacterial arrangements

A

chains, clusters, pairs, angled pairs or palisades

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4
Q

in which type of bacteria does the peptidoglycan form a thick layer external to the cell membrane

A

gram postive bacteria

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5
Q

in which type of bacteria does the peptidoglycan form a thin layer with an overlying outer membrane

A

gram negative bacteira

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6
Q

what are the principal molecules of the outer membrane

A

lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins

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7
Q

what causes the peptidoglycan to be highly polar

A

they polysaccharides and the charged amino acids

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8
Q

what is a function of the highly polar peptidoglycan membrane

A

to form a thick hydrophilic surface

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9
Q

what does the property of hydrophilia allow

A

allows gram positive organisms to resist the bile in the gut

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10
Q

are gram negative bacteria hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

the outer membrane is hydrophilic but the lipid components give hydrophobic properties

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11
Q

what are the three main types of bacteria

A

bacillus, coccus and spirallus

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12
Q

what are pili

A

a form of bacterial surface protection

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13
Q

what is the function of pili

A

attachment to either other bacteria or to host cells

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14
Q

what does bacterial growth rate depend on

A

what environment they are in

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15
Q

what is the lag phase

A

the initial period of adjustment

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16
Q

what is the log/exponential phase

A

the period where the population doubles at a constant rate

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17
Q

what is the death phase

A

nutrients are depleted and toxic products accumulate, growth slows and cells die

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18
Q

what is the structure of the bacterial genome

A

circular

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19
Q

what is the origin of replication

A

the singular point on the circular bacterial genome where replication begins

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20
Q

which enzymes are used to unwind and separate the two DNA strands

A

helicases and topoisomerases

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21
Q

what do separated DNA strands serve as

A

templates for DNA polymerase

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22
Q

what do the two copies of the genome consist of

A

one parent strand and one daughter strand

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23
Q

how is the septum formed

A

an invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane and ingrowth of the cell wall

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24
Q

what is quorum sensing

A

the mechanism by which specific gene transcription is activated in response to bacterial concentration

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25
what are endospores
highly resistant spores within bacterial cells
26
what are the functions of endospores
to enable the bacteria to survive adverse conditions
27
when are endospores formed
when the cells are unable to grow
28
what is the structure of the bacterial spore
a complex multi layered coat surrounding a new bacterial cell
29
what gives the bacteria their extreme resistance to heat and chemicals
the presence of dipicolinic acid and high calcium content
30
how long do endospores remain dormant
many years
31
why are viruses not considered to be alive
they require a host cell to reproduce
32
what does the general structure of viruses include
nucleic acid, protein subunits, cell membrane and viral envelope
33
what genetic material do retroviruses have
genetic material that swaps between RNA and DNA
34
what is the virus envelope
a liquid bilayer that surrounds the virus
35
what does the virus envelope contain
virus proteins that are important for infecting other cells
36
how is the virus envelope formed
when the virus buds off from the surface of cells
37
what extra enzyme do viruses with RNA have
replicase
38
what do viruses need in order to replicate
a host cell to make copies of its genetic material
39
what is the cellular process that all viral cells require
protein translation on the ribosomes
40
what is the final stage of viral replication
the assembly and release of the new virus
41
where is the nucleocapsid formed
either in the nucleus or the cytoplasm of the host cell
42
what 3 ways are viruses released
budding through the cell membrane, cell lysis and cell death
43
what is a lytic infection
when the virus causes the host cell to burst, and then the virus replicates
43
why do viruses with RNA have a lot of mutations
RNA polymerase makes a lot of mistake
44
what is a persistent infection
when the virus is slowly released consistently by the cell
45
what is a latent infection
the virus genetic material may be dormant until it is triggered
46
what is malignant transformation
when viruses cause 'normal' host cells to turn into tumour or cancer cells
47
what is hepatitis A
a virus that can impair liver function
48
how can hepatitis A be prevented
vaccination
49
what is cholera
caused by bacteria that leads to an acute gastrointestinal infection
50
how can cholera be prevented
vaccination
51
what is typhoid
flu like bacterial infection
52
how can typhoid be prevented
vaccination
53
what is shigellosis
bacterial infection causing nausea, diarrheoa and abdominal cramps
54
what is zika virus
an infection transmitted by an infected female mosquito
55
what is malaria
transmitted through the bite of a parasite
56
how can malaria be prevented
anti-malarial medication
57
what is dengue fever
viral infection causing flu like symptoms
58
function of lymphocytes
divided into T and B lymphocytes, they produces antibodies, recognise antigens and destroy them
58
what are neutrophils
most common WBC, phagocytose pathogens and infected cells
59
function of monocytes
phagocytose pathogens
60
function of eosinophils
combat parasitic infection to phagocytose antibody antigen complexes
61
what is MALT
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
62
what is BALT
bronchus associated lymphoid tissue
63
what is GALT
gut associated lymphoid tissue
64
3 main functions of the lymphatic system
removal of interstitial fluid from tissues, absorbs and transports fats from the digestive system, involved in the immune system
65
which WBC is this
basophil
66
what WBC is this
neutrophil
67
what WBC is this
eosinophil
68
what WBC is this
monocyte
69
what WBC is this
lymphocyte
70
structure of antibodies
IgM - pentamer IgG - monomer IgA - dimer IgE - monomer IgD - monomer
71
what anatomical postion is this
supine
72
what anatomical position is this
prone
73
what is proximal
closer
74
what is distal
further away
75
what does cranial mean
head
76
what does caudal mean
tail
MBChB Year 1 Phase 1
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