week 8 Flashcards by Amy Lindsay

what two things are involved in the central nervous system

brain
spinal cord

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what two things are involved in the peripheral nervous system

spinal nerves
cranial nerves

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what are the dips in the brain called

sulci

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what are the ridges on the brain called

gyri

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what to do with the brain is first to be impacted by increased pressure

brain stem

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what groove separates the brain hemispheres

longitudal fissure

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where is the centre for breathing

brainstem

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what part of the brain controls movement

cerebellum

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what is the blue structure

cerebrum

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what is the yellow structure

thalamus

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what is the green structure

mid brain

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what is the red structure

cerebellum

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what is the light blue structure

medulla

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what is the pink structure

pons

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what are the functions of the frontal lobe

long term memory, speech, movement, personality

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what are the functions of the parietal lobe

sensory integration, language interpretation, spatial/visual perception

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what are the functions of the occipital lone

visual processing

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what are the functions of the temporal lobe

auditory complex, memory, understanding language

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describe the myelin sheath of the neuron

fatty layer of insulation

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describe the node of ranvier of the neuron

spaces between myelin sheaths, speed up transmission

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what is the FAST stroke pneumonic

face drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulties, time to call for help

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what is the name of where the spinal cord stops

conus medullaris

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route of nerve transmission in the spinal cord

afferent information into the dorsal ganglion root, through the dorsal horn, into the ventral horn, to the ventral root, out as efferent information

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what is afferent information

sensory to CNS

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3 main layers of the meninges, superficial to deep

dura, arachnoid, pia

what is efferent information

CNS to response

what are the two layers of the dura matter

periosteal, meningeal

describe the pia matter

innermost layer, delicate, closely adhered to cerebral cortex, nourishes the brain

describe the arachnoid mater

does not go into the sulci/gyri, pressed against the dura

describe the dura matter

two layers, thick membrane, dense and irregular connective tissue

what is the subarachnoid space

contains arachnoid villi, between arachnoid and pia mater

what are dermatomes

specific area of the skin that is sensually innervated by a single spinal nerve root

what are myotomes

group of muscles innervated by the motor nerve fibres of a single specific nerve root

describe the pseudo-unipolar sensory neuron

one extension from the cell body, splits into two branches

what are the two branches of the pseudo-unipolar sensory neuron

peripheral, central

describe the somatic multipolar motor neuron

single axon, motor neuron, many dendrites

describe the autonomic multipolar motor neurons

synapse between 2 neurons

how many cranial nerves are there

function of the PNS cranial nerves

provide sensory and motor supply to head and neck muscles

name the 1st cranial nerve

olfactory

name the 2nd cranial nerve

optic

name the 3rd cranial nerve

oculomotor

name the 4th cranial nerve

trochlear

name the 5th cranial nerve

trigeminal

name the 6th cranial nerve

abducens

name the 7th cranial nerve

facial

name the 8th cranial nerve

vestibulocochlear

name the 9th cranial nerve

glossopharyngeal

name the 10th cranial nerve

vagus

name the 11th cranial nerve

spinal accessory

name the 12th cranial nerve

hypoglossal

function of astrocytes

give structural support, form the blood brain barrier, nourish

function of ependymal cells

promote circulation

function of microglial cells

immune protection

function of schwann cells

enables fast signalling

function of oligodendrocytes

enables fast signalling

examples of grey matter in the brain

cell bodies, dendrites, axon termini, blood vessels

examples of white matter in the brain

myelinated axons, glial cells, blood vessels

what does the limbic system control

emotions and emotional behaviour, learning and memory

what does the thalamus control

sensory relay centre between spinal cord and cerebral cortex

what does the hypothalamus control

temperature

what does the basal ganglia control

movement

what is a tract within the spinal cord

bundles of nerve fibres that run up and down the spinal cord

function of CSF

cushions brain, reduces weight in skull, stable chemical environment, nutrient and waste exchange

describe electrical signals

movement of electrical charge, movement of charged ions

describe chemical signals

occurs between nerve cells, neurotransmitters

what is the ion concentration difference inside and outside of the cell maintained by

ion pumps in the plasma membrane

describe the sodium ion influx

opening of voltage gated Na+ ion channels triggered, positively charged Na+ ions flow into the cell

describe potassium channels opening

voltage gated K+ ion channels open in response to depolarisation, positively charged K+ ions flow out of the cell, Na+ channels close by default after specific time period

describe what happens in the reset period

K+ channels close, Na+ channels reset, membrane potential returns to rest

describe how the action potential spreads along the axon

Na+ diffusion spreads positive charge to adjacent plasma membrane, this opens voltage gated Na+ channels triggering their action potential, AP spreads

what is the refractory period

time following AP when new AP cannot be initiated

what triggers the initial sodium channel opening

inputs from other neurons, usually via dendrites

what is the EPSPs

excitatory pre-synaptic potentials

what is IPSPs

inhibitory pre-synaptic potentials

are EPSPs or IPSPs more likely to cause the generation of the action potential

EPSPs

what impact do EPSPs have on the membrane

more positive