2.1

Question 1

Bottom-up processing

Answer 1

noticing sensory details, then using them to build the whole picture.

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

mental process of interpreting and organizing sensory input into meaningful patterns.

Question 2

External sensory information

Answer 2

the data from the outside world that your senses—sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch—collect and send to your brain to be interpreted.

Question 3

Top-down processing

Answer 3

guided by higher-mental processes (when your brain uses past knowledge, expectations, and context to understand new information) through internal prior expectations and deductive reasoning.

Question 4

Internal Prior Expectations

Answer 4

-cog. shortcut for top-down processing
-mental assumptions about what will happen in a given situation based on our past experiences, beliefs, and knowledge

Question 5

Schemas

Answer 5

mental structures that help us organize and interpret information. They develop overtime. Based on past experiences. Vary from person to person and culture to culture.

Question 6

Perceptual Set

Answer 6

top-down mental processing skill that creates expectations & allows us to perceive certain aspects and not others through emotional context and expectations (including cultural expectations) EXTERNAL. Ex) A person who is very hungry might be quicker to notice food in an ambiguous image than someone who is not.

Question 7

Gestalt psychology

Answer 7

“pattern” or “whole”

says “our beliefs and experiences affect our perception”

-emphasizes our ability to perceive patterns / wholes, not just individual components.
 -the organization / interpretation of sensory information to create meaningful experience.

Question 8

Figure-and-ground perception

Answer 8

Things being focused and blurry & the ability to distinguish an object from its background.

Question 9

Grouping

Answer 9

our brains tend to organize stimuli into groups to process complexity

Question 10

Proximity

Answer 10

the principle that objects close to each other are perceived as a group or unit

Question 11

Similarity

Answer 11

automatically group things that look alike

Question 12

Closure

Answer 12

the mental tendency to perceive incomplete objects or patterns as complete by filling in the missing gaps

Question 13

Continuity

Answer 13

(patterns) the tendency to see objects as part of a smooth, continuous pattern or line, even when the path is interrupted

Question 14

Selective attention

Answer 14

focusing on one particular part of our environment

Question 15

Cocktail Party Effect

Answer 15

Drawn to something based of experience (ex, name called in loud room)

Question 16

Stroop Effect

Answer 16

the cognitive interference that occurs when the name of a color (like “red”) is printed in an incongruent color (like green ink), making it harder and slower to name the actual ink color

Question 17

Inattentional blindness

Answer 17

focusing on 1 stimuli, blind to the rest

Question 18

Change blindness

Answer 18

inability to see changes in our environment when our attention is directed elsewhere.

Question 19

Visual perceptual process

Answer 19

How our eyes relay visual info to the brain + processing

Question 20

Depth perception

Answer 20

seeing in 3D

Question 21

Binocular depth cues

Answer 21

using both eyes to judge depth + distance

Question 22

Retinal disparity

Answer 22

the slight difference in the images received by each eye due to their different positions (left and right eye)

Question 23

Convergence

Answer 23

merging of the retinal images by the brain (cross)

Question 24

Monocular Depth cues

Answer 24

depth perception cues requiring only one eye

Question 25

Linear Perspective

Answer 25

makes parallel tines appear to come together in the distance.

Question 26

Interposition

Answer 26

partial blocking of one object by another making the one in front seem larger

Question 27

Arial

Answer 27

(Smokey Mtns.) the effect where distant objects appear less distinct, lighter, and bluer due to the atmosphere

Question 28

Relative Size

Answer 28

perceiving something as further away because it looks smaller than an object in the foreground that we assume is similar in size.

Question 29

Relative Clarity

Answer 29

makes objects appear closer than blurry or HAZY objects. (The further something away, the less detail)

Question 30

Texture Gradient

Answer 30

the texture of surfaces that are closer appear to have more detail.

Question 31

Perceptual Constancy

Answer 31

our ability to perceive objects as unchanging even as changes occur. Our brain makes interpretations to perceive objects as remaining the same - otherwise our brains wouldn't make sense of the world.

Question 32

Apparent Movement

Answer 32

Visual perception of movement when objects are not moving → we can process up to 10-12 images per second

Question 32

Perceptual Consistency Includes

Answer 32

color consistency, size consistency, shape consistency, lightness consistency

Question 33

Stroboscapie movement

Answer 33

the movement of a series of pictures at a rate.

Question 34

Phi phenomenon

Answer 34

an optical illusion. The brain perceives continuous motion from a sequence of stationary images, such as flashing lights in rapid succession