3.6

Question 1

Ecological Systems Theory

Answer 1

(1979) ~ Bronfenbrenner~ explains how the social environment shapes human development, emphasizing the connections between individuals and their surrounding contexts. Includes 5 systems: Microsystem, Mesosystem,Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem

Question 2

Microsystem

Answer 2

the immediate environment- integrated with daily life.

Question 3

Macrosystem

Answer 3

social and cultural valves. Ex) Norms, laws, etc

Question 3

Mesosystem

Answer 3

connections between environments. Ex) Family + school.

Question 4

Exosystem

Answer 4

external, indirect environments that indirectly influence development. Ex Parents workplace.

Question 5

Chronosystem

Answer 5

representing how time and major life events (personal, historical, societal) change and impact a person’s development and their other environmental systems throughout their lifespan.

the “when” and the “how long” of experiences

Question 6

Permissive Parents

Answer 6

Either not involved in a child’s life or absent. They could also be very indulgent and wanting to be the child’ s best friend

Question 7

Authoritarian Parents

Answer 7

“dictatorial” → enforcing rules without the child’s input. “My way or the highway”

Question 8

Authoritative Parents

Answer 8

have rules, but are less demanding and authoritative. They are open and communicative.

Question 9

Temperament

Answer 9

Someone’s disposition

Question 10

Attachment

Answer 10

The emotional band between an infant and their caregiver.

Question 11

Secure Attachment

Answer 11

The healthy bond between an infant and their caregiver where the child feels confident/safe.

Question 12

Insecure Attachment

Answer 12

3 different types: avoidant, anxious, disorganized. Bad.

Question 13

Avoidant Attachment

Answer 13

children tend to avoid or downplay closeness caused by neglectful caregivers.

Question 14

Anxious Attachment

Answer 14

children are distressed about a caregiver’s departure and are resentful when they return.

Question 15

Disorganized Attachment

Answer 15

Results from a confusing and inconsistent relationship w/ their caregiver. Child may cry when their caregiver leaves the room. When they come back, children may seek comfort but then freeze.

Question 16

Personal Fables

Answer 16

The belief that your experiences are unique and that you’re special or invulnerable. Results in overconfidence of the future and risky behaviors.

“No one understands me / It won’t happen to me.”

Question 16

Parallel Play

Answer 16

During childhood when children play alongside each other without direct interaction on shared goals. Ex) children building sand castles.

Question 16

Adolescent Egocentrism

Answer 16

Egocentrism but later in life (teens)

Question 17

Pretend Play

Answer 17

(Preschool) imaginary scenarios / Make-believe. Usually in a group.

Question 18

Emerging Adulthood

Answer 18

an evolving concept of becoming an adult the process has lengthened / takes move time. Developmental stage for individuals between their late teens and late twenties in industrialized societies, defined by exploration, instability, and a focus on self-identity before fully assuming adult roles.

Question 18

Imaginary Audience

Answer 18

Teens posting on Social Media for example; the belief that others are constantly watching and judging you.

“Everyone is watching me!”

Question 19

Social Clock

Answer 19

the culturally shared timetable dictating the “right” time for major life events like graduating, marrying, having children, or retiring, creating societal expectations for age-appropriate behavior that influence personal development and self-esteem, with pressure arising from conforming or deviating from these norms.

Question 19

Psychosocial Conflicts

Answer 19

internal struggles faced by individuals at various stages of their life. Stems from psychological needs and social demands

Question 20

Trust and Mistrust

Answer 20

1st stage of Erikson’s stages (l-yrs) ~ if an infant's needs are met, a sense of basic trust develops; if trust is not obtained, the child becomes fearful of others. Development of hope

Question 21

Autonomy and shame/Doubt

Answer 21

(1-3yrs) 2nd stage of Erikson’s stages ~ kids want independence (dressing, feeding themselves), building self-control (autonomy). If parents are too critical or controlling, the child develops shame in their abilities and doubt in themselves

Question 22

Initiative and Guilt

Answer 22

(3-6yxs) 3rd stage of Erikson’s stages ~ Child begins to initiate tasks and plans in play or initiative is held back by guilt. Purpose develops.

Question 23

Industry and Inferiority

Answer 23

(6-12yrs) 4th stage of Erikson’s stages ~ Child discovers their academic abilities + social relationships or develops feelings of inferiority. Competence develops.

Question 24

Identity and Role Confusion

Answer 24

(2-18yrs) 5th stage of Erikson’s stages ~ Teenagers develop a Sense of identity, or confusion of self occurs. Fidelity develops

Question 25

Intimacy and Isolation

Answer 25

(18-35 yrs) 6th stage of Erikson’s stages ~ Young adults develop intimate relationships, or they experience isolation. Love develops

Question 25

Generativity and Stagnation

Answer 25

(35-65yrs) 7th stage of Erikson’s stages ~ Adults seek to generate a legacy that can be passed to future generations, or they can struggle with stagnation. Care develops.

Question 26

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACED)

Answer 26

a range of traumatic events on Stressors—abuse, neglect, etc.---that occurred during childhood.

Question 26

Sociocultural Factors

Answer 26

The shared social and cultural influences, such as norms, values, beliefs, and practices, that shape an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors within a society

Question 26

Integrity and Despair

Answer 26

(65-death) ~8th Stage of Erikson’s stages ~ when older adults contemplate their life and either feel a sense of integrity and happiness or they feel despair and failure. Wisdom develops.

Question 27

Identity foreclosure

Answer 27

2nd stage (Marcia) where teens have a sense of their core beliefs, but don't take them seriously and instead adopt the views of their parents or society, especially on identity.

Question 27

Identity Diffusion

Answer 27

1st of Marcia's stages~ a time when teens have NOT undergone an identity crisis and have not made a commitment about their own identity.

Question 28

Identity Moratorium

Answer 28

3rd stage (Marcia) ~ when teens struggle with their sense of identity. They experience the crisis but without a commitment of resolution.

Question 29

Possible Selves

Answer 29

the various identities an individual can envision for themselves in the future.

Question 30

Identity Achievement

Answer 30

(end of adolescence → adulthood); (Marcia) a posterisis phase during which individuals have identified and acknowledged who they are and or who they want to be. They have made a commitment.