3.2

Question 1

Teratogens

Answer 1

period of embryonic development (3-8 weeks) when the embryo is particularly susceptible to teratogens (tobacco, some drugs, infections) that can damage cells / tissue

Question 2

What are factors that can influence severity of harm from bad substances

Answer 2

Duration + dosage, Time of exposure, Genetic Makeup, Exposure of the mother to environmental factors.

Question 3

Mothers Illness (Maternal Illness)

Answer 3

illnesses or infections that can harm the fetus. Ex (gestational diabetes, high blood pressure) → leads to birth defects, growth restrictions, etc.

Question 3

Genetic Mutations

Answer 3

they can be inherited or spontaneous. Can cause a wide range of genetic disorders and birth defects. ex (down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, etc).

Question 4

Hormonal Imbalances

Answer 4

Imbalances in hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) – can disrupt the normal growth and development of the fetus leading to things like miscarage, preterm birth, or birth defects.

Question 5

Environmental influences

Answer 5

Factors such as exposure to toxins (lead, mercury, etc). Radiation, tobacco smoke, some medications, and even stress can lead to birth defects, developmental delays, etc.

Question 6

Relletes

Answer 6

Involuntary Physical Responses that are established or fixed at birth. Includes grasping, rooting, sucking, stepping, moro, and babinski.

Question 7

Grasping

Answer 7

when palms are touched, the baby grasps; usually disappears at 3-4 months

Question 8

Rooting

Answer 8

disappears @5-6months.

Question 9

Sucking

Answer 9

permanent but changes through learning + experience

Question 10

Moro

Answer 10

a startle when there is a loud noise; disappears @5-6 months

Question 11

Stepping

Answer 11

walking motion; gone after 2 months

Question 12

Babinski

Answer 12

toes splayed + twists foot in; disappears 9-12 months

Question 13

Cross Motor Coordination

Answer 13

voluntary movement and coordination that reflexes are replaced with. Ex: Sitting, crawling, walking.

Question 14

Visual Cliff Perceptual

Answer 14

technique to test children’s ability to perceive depth. (table will illusion)

Question 15

Imprint

Answer 15

birds attachment to motherlike figures during an 18 hr critical period.

Question 16

Sensitive Period

Answer 16

a human’s attachment period – lasts longer than an animal’s imprinting.

Question 17

Puberty

Answer 17

a stage in which teenagers/preteens reach physical sexual maturity → begins when the hippocampus triggers the endocrine system to begin producing sex hormones.

Question 18

Menarche

Answer 18

menstruation

Question 19

Spermanche

Answer 19

first ejeculatory experience

Question 20

Growth spurt

Answer 20

a rapid period of physical growth + development, triggered by hormones.

Question 21

Menopause

Answer 21

experienced by women later in life and leads to the end of natural fertility.

Question 22

Mobility

Answer 22

the ability to move swiftly and smoothly→ can be decreased due to a reduction of muscle strength and bone density that comes with age.

Question 23

Flexibility

Answer 23

bending + reaching. Decreased due to a loss of cushioning cartilage in joints. Causes arthritis.

Question 24

Reaction Time

Answer 24

reduced from a slowing down of cognitive processes in older adults due to a decrease in nerve conduction velocity.

Question 25

Sensory Acuity

Answer 25

a decrease in the sharpness, keenness, or clarity w/which a sensory system can perceive + discriminate stimuli. Due to age.

Question 26

Visual Sensory Acuity

Answer 26

decline of one's ability to focus on close objects (presbyopia), decreased pupil size, and reduced responsiveness to lighting changes (the lens can also become less clean, affecting sharpness). Due to age.

Question 26

Auditory Sensory Acuity

Answer 26

(presbycusis) - the gradual loss of heaving due to aging, primarily affecting the ability to hear high frequencies. Can also make it difficult to distinguish and focus.

Question 27

Gender

Answer 27

the social construction of roles for males and females.

Question 27

Gender Schema Theory

Answer 27

explains how individuals develop mental frameworks (schemas) for what is considered appropriate for males and females in their culture. Effected by social experiences and cultural influences.

Question 28

Gender

Answer 28

a term for the social, cultural, and psychological roles, behaviors, and identities that a society associates with being male, female, or another gender

Question 28

Sex

Answer 28

biological gender

Question 29

Information Processing

Answer 29

part of the gender schema theory (how information is categorized based on gender)

Question 30

Behavior and Interests (gender)

Answer 30

part of the gender schema theory (how gender schema influences actions and preferences)