2.3

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

the cognitive process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information over time

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

part of the information-processing model – the process of transforming sensory information into a form that can be stored and retrieved in memory

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

part of the information-processing model–second stage

• the process of retaining encoded information in the brain over time

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

3rd part of the information-processing model. recalling stored memories

Question 5

Automatic Processing

Answer 5

information processing of much-repeated / well-learned activities that occur without our awareness

-(brains ability to handle different stimuli once)

-In the Cerebral cortex.

Question 6

Explicit-Memory

Answer 6

the conscious recall of facts and events, also known as declarative memory

-“knowing that”

Question 7

Effortful processing

Answer 7

part of Explicit-Memory where encoding requires attention and conscious effort.

Question 8

Episodic memories

Answer 8

part of Explicit-Memory. Experiences we can recall in detail + tell like a story.

Question 9

Semantic memories

Answer 9

the part of long-term memory + Explicit-Memory that stores general facts, everyday knowledge, and word meanings,

separate from personal experiences

Question 10

Implicit-Memory

Answer 10

without conscious effort or awareness

Question 11

Procedural memories

Answer 11

part of LT, Implicit memory that becomes automatic through repetition

how to do something (riding bike)

Question 12

Prospective Memory

Answer 12

“memory of the future” → remembering to do something for the future

Question 13

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Answer 13

Lasting strength of synapses between neurons, helping with learning and memory. Mainly occurs in the hippocampus

Question 14

Basal Ganglia

Answer 14

set of neurons inside the frontal lobe cortex

helps with memory retrieval & procedural memory.

→ habit formation and procedural learning

Question 15

Declarative

Answer 15

explicit memories, effortful processing, things you can tell others (episodic and semantic)

Question 16

Non Declarative

Answer 16

implicit memories - from automatic processing that you can show by DOING (procedural and priming)

Question 16

Procedural

Answer 16

LT, implicit memory that enables you to perform skills and habits automatically and unconsciously,

“knowing how”

nondeclarative

Question 17

Priming

Answer 17

describe how exposure to one stimulus may influence a response to a subsequent stimulus

Question 18

Short-term memory (STM)

Answer 18

holds information for a short duration. → like a sticky note or grocery list.

Question 19

Working Memory

Answer 19

holds / manipulates information temporarily for immediate use, for complex tasks (problem-solving, learning, reasoning)

Part of short-term memory

The “desk”.

Question 20

Working Memory Model

Answer 20

A theoretical framework explaining how STM functions (Baddeley and Hitch - 1974)

-we actively hold (7+/- 2) and manipulate information for complex tasks like reading, problem-solving, and learning

Question 21

Central Executive

Answer 21

part of the working-memory model

-main component responsible for coordinating cognition processes, allocating attention for different tasks, and controlling other subsystems.

Question 22

Phonological Loop

Answer 22

part of working memory that temporarily stores and deals w/ auditory and verbal information.

Question 23

Phonological store

Answer 23

part of working memory

(inner ear) - part of the Phonological Loop that temporarily holds auditory and speech-based information for a few seconds before it decays

Question 24

Articulatory control process

Answer 24

part of working memory (inner voice) part of the Phonological Loop the mental "inner voice" that rehearses information to keep it from decaying in STM helps to refresh and retain it in the phonological store.

Question 25

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Answer 25

part of working memory -temporarily stores / manipulates visual / spatial information, allowing you to visualize / navigate through spaces in your mind

Question 26

Episodic Buffer

Answer 26

part of working memory -integrates info. from multiple sources—including the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and LTM—into a single "episode" or memory

Question 27

Transferring to Long-Term Memory

Answer 27

requires active rehearsal / elaboration/ retrieval techniques. Also requires various factors including motivation, emotional significance, etc.

Question 28

Multi-Store Model

Answer 28

currently accepted model (Atkinson + Shitin) -a theory that explains memory as a flow of info. through 3 part: the sensory register, STM, and LTM

Question 29

Sensory Memory

Answer 29

(sensory register) - part of the Multi-Store Model when we process everything we sense in less than a couple seconds. Will be forgotten if not attended to.

Question 30

Iconic Memory

Answer 30

part of sensory memory -the brief, vivid, visual sensory memory that holds an exact copy of an image for typically less than one second

Question 31

Echoic Memory

Answer 31

part of sensory memory -holds auditory information for about 2-4s after the sound ended

Question 32

STM

Answer 32

part of the Multi-Store Model said small amounts of info are stored for 30g in STM. But newer understandings focus on the conscious, active processing of auditory and spatial w/ into from LTM.

Question 33

LTM

Answer 33

part of the Multi-Store Model can store information indefidently based on relevant importance.

Question 34

Shallow Processing

Answer 34

memorizing without attaching meaning → leads to forgetting

Question 35

Levels of Processing Model

Answer 35

suggests that the depth of processing affects the encoding and subsequent retrieval of information. 3 MAIN LEVELS OF PROCESSING (Structural, Phonemic, Semantic)

Question 36

Structural Encoding

Answer 36

at the structural level, it involves processing the physical characteristics of Stimuli (appearance, shape, sound) without considering meaning→ leads to shallow processing.

Question 37

Phonemic Encoding

Answer 37

Processing the sound / punctuation of a stimulus (word/phrase). It focuses on the phonological characteristics. Makes connections to other words but still shallow.

Question 38

Semantic Encoding

Answer 38

Processing the meaning / its relationship to other information stored in memory leading to deep processing.

Question 39

Deep processing

Answer 39

elaborate rehearsal + meaningful analysis