APUSH chapter 5

Question 1

How were cartographers and the King incorrect about European occupation in America and how did this account for the Native American relation with Europeans?

Answer 1

The King had no true idea how much land Europe occupied, and cartographers over estimated this amount; this meant that the monarch thought there was less land left than there truly was

This allowed the uncooperative Native Americans to all move westward into unoccupied land

Those who DID cooperate were forced to to be subject to European culture and systems, but were introduced to weaponry and tools such as horses-this did cause a certain hostility between tribes

Native Americans in the borderlands developed peace with both countries that they were between, giving them a lot of new European tools and advantages

Question 2

What accounted for the high population within the colonies?

Answer 2

Colonies, once industries began to thrive and offspring became accustomed to their environment, reproduced plentifully, eventually outnumbering Britain

Germans arrived, escaping religious persecution, using barns to silently help the colonial economy, and having no personal passion towards the British king, kept their customs

Scots-Irish arrived in Pennsylvania, escaping Ireland, where they were forced into and where many conflicts arose due to religious differences; The Scots-Irish moved frequently, exhausting soil, and were squatters (they also had no loyalty towards the king)
->They brought their wine distilling tactics, and settled along the frontiers of the country

*The Germans liked to stay in one placed and lived in sturdy houses, while the Scots-irish moved and preferred flimsy estates

Question 3

What were the Scots-Irish revolts?

Answer 3

The Paxton Boys: a march against the Quaker policies being kind towards Indians, as the Scots-Irish were on the frontier and greatly affected by raids

The Regulator Movement: a movement against unfair taxations and a lack of representation by the government for poor farmers and frontiersmen

Question 4

How did slavery evolve? List some revolts

Answer 4

In the South, slaves were spread out and far from one another; in the Chesapeake, they were closer, allowing for families to grow and a lack of dependence on the triangular trade-they also became involved in materialistic jobs, rather than exclusively agricultural ones

However, with this growth of African American population, came culture mixes in languages and music, but also brought upon harsh slave codes

This led to both covert resistance (ex. sabotaging work) and overt

Examples:
The New York Slave Revolt: Slaves killed whites and attempted to escape
The South Carolina Slave Revolt: Slaves along the Stono River, promised freedom if they made it to S-Florida, grabbed weapons, killed white owners, and attempted to march to Florida before a local militia stopped them (juxtaposition to Bacon’s Rebellion)

Question 5

How did the Transatlantic Slave Trade function? How did this advance American independence/rule?

Answer 5

-Rum would be taken to the Gold coast, sold for slaves, which would be exchanged at the West Indies for sugar, which would be taken to New England, made into molasses and rum, and the cycle repeats

-Slaves would intentionally be Separated from their tribes or families in order to limit possibility of revolt

As Britain began to see the success of this trade, they enforced acts like the Molasses Act to limit trade; colonies began smuggling, leading to a evaporation of the connection and loyalty towards the crown

Britain eventually outlawed the Slave Trade, but it was still a pressing issues between the differently moralled colonies, as slavery itself had yet to be banned

Question 6

What was the social hierarchy in the Colonies?

Answer 6

Elites consisted of previously aristocratic families and rich plantation owners, who got special seats in churches and other regions. They were involved in voting and government, and their convenience was considered most when creating laws and acts; however, these people began to lose land as more of it had to be divided up for newcomers- they also enjoyed aristocratic luxuries

Below them were farmers, who made some money, but not at all close to the planters

Below that were indentured servants. These consisted of the felons, fairly accused or not, landless, and poor.

At the bottom were slaves

Question 7

What industries/enterprises thrived the most?

Answer 7

Agriculture, particularly grain, thrived; after that was fishing

Many specific enterprises weren’t;t that economically beneficial for worldly gain, but were important in upholding society; artisans with particular talents were given a lot of liberty, as they were rare (this consisted of carpenters, smiths, weavers, etc)

Many overseas merchants thrived once war became as Britain needed to be supplied with war items, and they monopolized this

Lumber for shipbuilding and other materials for naval creations were a thriving business as they were supported directly by Britain

Question 8

How did jobs change in colonial America?

Answer 8

Lawyers were disregarded. Clergy members had less of an influence as they originally did on society as an effect of a lack of religious zeal within young colonists

Physicians were uneducated and unskilled, and illness/epidemics with high mortality rates reminded the colonists of their situation, and a fear of God began to spread, preparing the colonies for religious re-discovery

Question 9

How did people/word travel?

Answer 9

Roads were very poor; water transportation was prevalent

Along any physical pathways there were taverns, which provided interaction of the most uncommon pairs, and sprouted the democratic idea of public opinion

postal systems were also created but very behind and inefficient

Question 10

How did the Churches differ in colonial society?

Answer 10

The very strict Congregational Church was the main church of the religious areas, while royal colonies were under Anglicanism. Anglicanism was much more lenient, had shorter sermons, and less of an idea of what exactly was immoral.

Anglicanism served as a direct use of kingly authority, though it was more prominent in this than in actual church-related activities

Anglicans supported all taxes from the King, but Presbyterians and Puritans did not

The colonies were generally tolerable, but began to become more involved with political activities, again, in response to a lack of religious zeal

Question 11

What was the Great Awakening?

Answer 11

Preachers like Edwards and Whitfield began to verbally mourn the loss of devotion to the church, and tried to convince people to once again form a connection with God

Edwards in particular preached that one’s’ life was not entirely pre-determined, and that with good acts one could earn salvation, so long as they completely gave faith and relied on God

People were so emotionally moved by these sermons that they believed they were directly connected to God, and church participation increased

Question 12

What effects did the Great Awakening have on society?

Answer 12

The preachers incorporated enlightenment ideas into their prayers;
->erasing class barriers via the amount of church participation, enforcing the idea that one’s’ relationship with God was not based on their wealth, while also challenging these old, hierarchical systems in which the church had so long been rooted in
-This also led to a creation of higher education in which future clergy members could be taught these enlightenment ideas

Old Lights were skeptical of these New Light ideas, believing the theatrical emotions arising within the Church was ridiculous, being taught by strict orthodoxy

Further, this united the people of the colonies- to see that they were all one similar body with similar experiences

Question 13

How was the education system within the colonies and how did it reform?

Answer 13

Education in the New England colonies was strictly for future clergy members and was only there in order to educate the young on how to be good church members, not civil people-enlightened ideas were generally frowned upon

In the South, they were so spread out, so tutors were often used rather than schools; however, some people in the south were irked with the denomination of the schools, and rather, sent their children abroad to be taught philosophical ideas

Soon, these ideas were taught within schools, and they existed for liberal arts rather than religion

The school-participants were boys, who additionally and more importantly did labor-related jobs to help their families; schools were often tax funded

Question 14

How were the arts and literature/science treated?

Answer 14

People with a passion art were often told to go back to Britain, as the colonies main concerns were the economy and stability

Architecture was modeled by pre-existing structures, though changes were made to accommodate the environment

Literature like Phillis Wheatley’s’ poetry was deep, and impressive as literacy was a rare thing for a slave, and for this very title, her works were never published

Ben Franklin’s Poor Richard’s Almanack was published, and consisted of advice, wisdom, and common sense for the colonists of the age

His inventions and experiments heavily advanced the colonies and America’s understanding of scientific methods, but his lightning experiment was frowned upon by churches as he was trying to “control the heavens”

Question 15

How did Transatlantic print culture and news advance colonial societies?

Answer 15

It allowed enlightenment ideas from British philosophers to reach the colonies; books were a luxury and libraries were rare

People demanded an ability to read news and such, and so newspapers were created, though cheaply so, and often way behind in date

The Zenger Trial consisted of a man who criticized the royal governor, and he was put on trial. His lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, argued that if he was ruled guilty, their liberty against/of recognizing corruption and trying to prevent it would be taken away, and there grew freedom of press

Question 16

How were colonies governed?

Answer 16

Royal Colonies: The King appointed a governor
Proprietary colonies: the proprietor, or person owning the land grant/charter, chose the governors
Self-representative systems: they voted

All of the governments had two legislative bodies, the higher one chosen by the governor, and the lower one voted upon

However, many of these governors were corrupt, uneducated, and did not care for the colonies true desires. They made laws/taxes without and even against colonial consideration (TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION), and failed to account for the many needs of all colonists

The colonists could usually manipulate their governor by threatening pay-cuts, as the only reason he was here in the colonies was because he was poor and jobless, but this led to conflict over who controlled “the purse” between the two

Voting was not at all a birthright; it was decided by land, and many aristocrats feared the consequences of non-land-owning voters, making this a more exclusive system than it would have been

Question 17

How were fair colonial matters decided?

Answer 17

Through voting and open meetings; NOT AT ALL A DEMOCRACY YET

Question 18

How was colonial living aside from economics?

Answer 18

Though they had food, they lacked basic comfort systems; but, they had a few fun gatherings, but some were frowned upon by the church (like Christmas)

At this point, all factors together “set the stage” for revolt

Question 19

What did the dehumanizing nature of slavery cause?

Answer 19

Overt and covert means of slave resistance in attempt to maintain their culture, beliefs, traditions, and religion

Question 20

What did the differing goals of colonists and their political leaders cause?

Answer 20

Conflicts about policies and NA relations, putting imperial policies into place

Question 21

What did the upper-class fear of “democratic excesses” by poor whites cause?

Answer 21

Stricter enforcement of land qualifications to earn suffrage

Question 22

What did the Colonies natural fertility cause?

Answer 22

Population increase to a higher population than Britain

Question 23

What did the heavy immigration of Germans, Scots-Irish, Africans, and others into the colonies cause?

Answer 23

The ethnic diversity within the colonies

Question 24

What did attempts by British government to incorporate an imperial structure for mercantilist aims cause?

Answer 24

Mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic and smuggling/ other forms of rebellion

Question 25

What did the flow of goods in and out of Native American tribes to Europeans cause?

Answer 25

Cultural shifts, epidemics, and demographic changes

Question 26

What did the european colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor cause?

Answer 26

A vast, extensive trade network between Africa, the Colonies, and England in exchanging goods and people