APUSH chapter 6

Question 1

Explain the difference between the Seven Years War and the French and Indian war, important battles, and how victory was secured?

Answer 1

The Seven Years war was a worldwide conflict, ended in Germany by Austrian King Frederick; the French and Indian war was one of the four battles that led to the Seven Years’ War

The French and Indian War began with British encroachment westward into French territory (Ohio River Valley), which led to the established Fort Duquesne to prevent further invasion; George Washington led the first attack on Fort Duquesne, but eventually surrendered. Then, British militia leader, Braddock, was sent to the next invasion, and did not win

British Victory came from two main factors; A) French forces were exhausted from the Seven Years War and B) William Pitt, put in power, attacked the large, unprotected Quebec and Montreal forts

The Peace of Paris: Gave Britain Ohio River Valley, Canada, and Florida from Spain in exchange for Cuba

Question 2

What were Native American relations both before and after the French Indian War?

Answer 2

During: Due to the French nature of settlement, being neutral, small, and beneficial to native American Allies, the Algonquin tribe allied with France in the war; the enemies of the Algonquins, the Iroquois, accordingly allied with Britain. The leader was invited as a delegate in the Albany Congress

After: Native Americans suffered not being able to play European tensions against each other for benefit, and were met rudely by the English settlers, who ordered them westward, quite differently from previous French Occupation
-> This launched Pontiac’s War, in which Native American tribes attacked British settlers; they were quickly crushed
The Proclamation of 1763 prohibited further westward encroachment, but colonists refused to listen

Question 3

How did the French/Indian war affect British-Colonist relations?

Answer 3

The colonists lost respect for British troops after seeing easy defeat, while Britain thought the colonists were lazy, unorganized, and ungrateful

Colonists refused to pay for war costs for their own defense until Pitt reimbursed them; Any British attempts at control were met by outcry, enforced by Republicanism and Radical Whigs

Question 4

How were the colonies when it came to unity?

Answer 4

They were separated by motive, religion, ethnicity, and geography, and were all far too appeased by their own, separate sovereignty; this was why the Albany Plan of Union failed to go into effect

Further, the colonies had their own hierarchical problems with government

Question 5

How did the mercantilist theory change British law after the war and how did it affect the colonies?

Answer 5

After the war, Britain had a considerable amount of debt, and due to the lack of trust in the colonies from result of the war, Britain stopped their period of Salutary Neglect and enforced mercantilism more heavily

This included discouragement of the colonies- exporting manufactured goods, and further enforcing Navigation Acts

Colonists disliked depending solely on British manufactured goods, and began smuggling; these acts were more resented because of the trade reliance rather than the actual effect, which was miniscule as they could easily evade these rules

They also had to stop using currency gained from other trading partners

Question 6

What other taxes were enforced by Parliament? How did the Colonies react to this?

Answer 6

Stamp Act: Tax on paper
Sugar Act: Tax on foreign West-Indies goods
Quartering Acts: forced to plant certain crops to feed/to house soldiers, who were mostly there to enforce these acts once the war ended

Colonists were outraged, as an “American” did not have an official seat in Parliament, and “virtual representation” would not suffice as an excuse

This led to their “no taxation without representation” slogan

These acts/resistance made many offenders to be tried in admiratory courts, without jury, where any offenders were “guilty until proven innocent”

Question 7

What were the particular parties against the Stamp Act and how the Britain respond to it?

Answer 7

The Stamp Act Congress had delegates from 9 colonies, creating petitions against the Stamp Act, and unified all of the colonies- against a common cause

Sons/Daughters of Liberty were aggressors against British officials

All colonies agreed on non-importation acts, in which they refused to purchase any imports from Britain and began to use handmade goods
->the colonies were a major consumer of these British textiles, and parliament begged the King to repeal the stamp act, and he did

While colonists were celebrating this Victory, Parliament passed the Declaratory Act, reestablishing royal sovereignty onto the colonies

Question 8

What taxes followed the Stamp Acts repealed?

Answer 8

The Townshend acts were established, placing an indirect tax on textile goods in hopes that the colonies would easily accept them; this was not the case, and nonimportation was ineffectively used again, as smuggled goods became more expensive

Colonies were outraged, as these acts were used to pay the salaries of British officials, and further feared British control as legislatures in NY began to close due to lack of obedience in relation to the Quartering acts

Question 9

What began strict tension between the two regions?

Answer 9

The Boston Massacre: townspeople were harassing British Officials, annoyed with a previous murder and the acts, and a shot was fired which led to British attack

After a loss of revenue, Britain repealed the Townshend acts, but created a tea tax, which led to further resistance

Question 10

How did the Boston Tea Party arise?

Answer 10

As the British East India Company had pounds of unsold tea, Britain allowed them to make a monopoly of the business and lowered the price, making tea cheaper than ever before
->the colonists saw this as an attempt to manipulate them, and turned away all BEIC ships of tea or attacked them

However, Thomas Hutchinson (he believed the acts were unjust, but that it was more just to rebel), already a victim of colonial harassment from the Stamp Act, refused to leave the Boston port until the tea had been given away; Bostonians came and dumped all of the tea into the Harbour

This launched the “Intolerable Acts”, or acts, partially to punish Boston, stripping colonists of their natural rights, such as the town meetings
->The Boston Port Act closed the Boston Port until all the tea had been cleaned out and damages had been repaid

Question 11

What was the Quebec Act? Why was it resented?

Answer 11

It allowed free French Settlement without forced assimilation; this proved an issue because many of their customs went against colonial standards, such as trial without jury, an unrepresentative government, and Catholicism

Question 12

What arose due to harsh intolerable acts?

Answer 12

The First Continental Congress: their goal was not to gain independence, but to get their rights back

They wrote up petitions for reform, and brought them to Parliament, who rejected them

The Association then went into effect, rejecting any British exports, imports, and consumption

Question 13

What were British faults and issues in the war?

Answer 13

Lexington and Concord: they marched into Lexington hoping to find supplies and rebels like Sam Adams (Established Committees of Correspondence, spread British corruption), but found nothing; they then marched to Concord, unexpectedly facing a prepared American Army

-The French and Native Americans were against them
-ineffective strategy for surroundings
-Their good troops and leaders were occupied in ireland
-Bad food
-Some British radicals actually cheered for America, scared that British Victory would lead to the tyrannical rule of George III
-Large distance between officers and Officials led to inconvenient and out of date orders

Question 14

What were American issues and pros?

Answer 14

Pros:
-Had help and supplies from France
-Agriculture thrived
-fertile
-no “heart” to easily destroy

Cons:
-Large, but unskilled army (fixed once Steuben)
-Previously relied on Britain for military equipment
-conflict between colonies and independence
-Poor; no money for food, and little money in general meant printing more-inflation
-Only a few colonists were willing to actually help the army, and some colonial merchants actually increased prices on military supplies in order to thrive
-Britain could afford foreign soldiers and Native American allies

Question 15

What were Army conditions? Who joined either side?

Answer 15

Valley Forge: Soldiers stayed naked, hungry, for days, and most of them died

-Women had grown to take over male-dominated jobs, and camp followers helped the army survive through making clothes and food

Many Free Africans from the North joined the army, and slaves were forced/bribed into joining the Colonial Army; Lord Dunmore of Britain promised freedom to any Africans that joined him (Lord Dunmore’s Ethiopian Regiment) and this grew the British army tremendously, who was mostly true to this promise

Question 16

What did expansion of British colonists beyond Appalachian Mountains into North American interior cause?

Answer 16

Threat to French territory and trade networks, beginning the French Indian War

Question 17

What did mass accumulated war debt in Britain cause?

Answer 17

Led to Britain trying to “consolidate” control over the colonies

Question 18

What did the BEIC trying to maintain its’ tea monopoly cause?

Answer 18

Acts of resistance leading to the Boston Tea Party

Question 19

What did Britain playing taxes without representation cause?

Answer 19

United the colonies against corruption or taking away rights politically/economically

Question 20

What did economic shortages and British military occupation of certain colonial regions cause?

Answer 20

the mobilization and work of colonial men and women

Question 21

What did enlightenment ideals of individual rights and self-government provide?

Answer 21

philosophical reasoning for resistance against Britain

Question 22

What did the Boston Tea Party?

Answer 22

Intolerable Acts to establish power over colonies

Question 23

What did Diverging goals of colonists and Europeans cause?

Answer 23

It created a sense of independence

Question 24

What did attempts by Britain to seize military supplies from colonies cause?

Answer 24

The first shots of the world at Lexington and Concord