Unit 4

Question 1

What are the differences between Federalist and Democratic Republican ideology?

Answer 1

Federalist:
-Commercial economy
-large army/navy
-larger federal government
-Loose constitutional interpretation

Democratic Republicans:
-French Alliances
-Small army
-Agrarian society
-Strict constitutional interpretation
-Smaller federal government

Question 2

What were the reactions and effects of Jeffersons domestic and foreign policies?

Answer 2

Domestic: Takes away loose interpretations, but contradicts himself
-Takes away tax; benefits South, not North
-Cuts debt, makes army smaller; satisfies South, disagrees with Northern desires
-Lousianna Purchase: expanded territory westward- Federalists/North didn’t like it because they feared the expansion of slavery, but the South promoted it for agrarian expansion

Foreign Policy
Neutrality; Did not have the army to go to war with either Britain nor France until Chesapeake Affair
-> Embargo; ruined economy, but promoted industrialization
->Non-intercourse; unremarkable

Question 3

How did John Marshall develop the power of the supreme court?

Answer 3

**Marshall often ruled in favor of the Federalistic view of government
**
-Marbury v. Madison; established judicial review
-McCulloch v. Maryland; Made the BUS constitutional and placed the Supremacy Clause in significance

Question 4

What caused the War of 1812 and what resulted from it?

Answer 4

Causes:
-Impressment
-British occupation of territory
-British protection of Native Americans on the frontiers
-War Hawks take place in office, advocate for war to both gain territory, prove strength, and end British tension

-Attempts to take parts of Canada failed, as well as many other, battles; the most significant one was the Battle of New Orleans

The Ghent Treaty was signed and established a new nationalism from the US, but nothing was gained or lost from either side

Supporters: All states besides New England, who profitted from trading and refused to support the war effort at all-their party was abolished

Question 5

What were the economic specialities and identities of each region and how were they interconnected? How did their goals differ?

Answer 5

North:
-Manufacturing/textiles
-Supported federally funded infrastructure
-Supported bank
-Industrialization, Factories, Urbanization
-Abolitionists

West:
-Food/agricultural products
-Supported federally funded infrastructure
-Less of a comment on slavery; divided internally
-Disliked Bank

South:
-Cash Crops
-Disliked bank, federally funded infrastructure
-Dependent on slavery
-Less urbanized, less railroads, majority of capital spent on slavery

Interconnection:
-The North and West were most connected through the Erie Canal and railroads, as they were both more urbanized and more populated
-The South has less urbanization, and preferred Canals due to it’s primary locations on the Mississippi

The South and West both used an agrarian economy, but the West gradually shifted to an industrial one with population growth (from material, land, nationalism)

Question 6

What were the regional reactions to significant systems/ideas?

Answer 6

The Missouri Compromise: created a recognized divide between regions which deepened over time
-South: Disliked the fact that abolition was spreading and feared that abolition would reach their previously settled regions
-North: Wanted to abolish it completely, happy about gradual abolition, feared southern expansion with the institution of slavery

The American System: created divides over how the economy of the United States would be backed
North: Supported it
South: detested it
West: Would have supported parts of it, but generally disliked the bank and tariffs

Monroe Doctrine: All would have supported, as it created union based in nationalism

Question 7

What caused the Market Revolution?

Answer 7

Efficiency:
Northern: Telegraph, cable, factory, interchangable parts
Southern: cotton gin
Western: Steel Plow, McCormick Reaper made soil profitable

Organization:
Canals, Railroads, Steam Engine
-More urbanization, more connections
-Erie Canal, Cumberland Road

Specialization:
-With overproduction and transportation came an expanded market; a market based economy would be based in specialization, in which regions make one of the three particular necessities and, through the market, gain and benefit from the rest

Political assistance:
-Building infrastructure (some)
-Encouraging competition
-Regulate trade/ develop a national currency and economy

Question 8

What were the effects of the Market Revolution?

Answer 8

Economy:
-A switch to a Market based economy from a subsistence based one, larger markets, both domestic and foreign

Social:
-The middle class emerged as a large gap formed between the working and elite class
-Labor Unions formed- workers comprised of women, children, poor, untalented, immigrants
-Higher elitest standard of living
-Cult of domesticity in middle class

Sectionalism:
-Reintroduced slavery as a vital system
->Abolitionist movement reignited
-Debates over government roles in society, economy
-Regional compromises (Missouri compromise) that set precedents for future conflict
-Attempts to secure states rights before abolition became largely used (Nullification Crisis)

Question 9

What were the policies of Andrew Jackson? What inspired and what were the effects of them?

Answer 9

-“Corrupt Bargain” creates political parties, AJ’s is based in common people representation; larger group appeal, change in campaigning systems, sectionalism once again takes over

-Indian Removal Act: AJ supports westward expansion, overrules SCOTUS decision for the “support of the common people”; leads to the Trail Of Tears and ethnic cleansing
->The South supports it, the North fears further expansion of Slavery

The Nullification Crisis; SC threatens to secede, makes union unstable, Jackson stops this and issues Force Bill/ Compromise Tariff; He now seems hypocritical, saves union, but prevented states’ rights and enforced a tariff

The Bank War: AJ vetoes it, as he believes the bank is harming the West in Northern favor; the Whig party forms, and pet banks lead to overspeculation, then the specie circular, and then (with other factors) the panic of 1837

Jacksonian Democracy: white male suffrage, appeal to west/majority (common man)

Question 10

What influenced American Culture in the 1900’s and what were the specifics about it?

Answer 10

Influence: Wanting to forge a national identity
Described as: Democratic, reformers, unified but plural

Art/Literature: Based in nationalism, transcendentalism; encourages feeling and emotion, and incorporate romanticism as well as aspects from different european regions which provide inspiration

Democratic: Both religiously, through diverse participation in Second Great Awakening and emphasis on individualism, but also from expanded suffrage

Reformation: from Second Great Awakening, the desire to create a perfect society

Unified, but plural; unified with existing argument over economic, political, social, and institutional policy (ex. Slavery, Banks and tariffs, whether the government should support social reform/how it would be accomplished, Gag Rule)

Question 11

What was the Second Great Awakening?

Answer 11

-With the enlightenment, economic change, and social/geographic mobility, people wanted to maintain a moral fiber despite the spreading of ideas and large distance covered

-People promoted democratic ways, such as having indiviual savior, and having a diverse crowd at Camp Meetings- by preachers such as Finney

-the goal was self-improvement; it destroyed the idea of original sin, but not that people weren’t sinful- they would continuously improve themselves and, in turn, that would improve society

-Many of these values were established as reform movements for society, such as abolition and temperence

->Women became increasingly involved, and then found their own movement, most signfificantly described by the Seneca Falls Convention
->Movements in education, mental illness, and labor unions, and utopian societies

mostly effected North, where people were closer to churches

Question 12

How successful were reform movements?

Answer 12

-Mentally ill treatement and prison reform; achieved improvements

-Temperence: had many American Temperence societies and the Maine Law of 1851

-Women’s Rights: overshadowed by abolitionism

-Abolitionism: Led to civil war

-Education: Public education and improved teaching achieved

-Labor Unions: earned a ten hour work day; protected by Commonwealth v. Hunt

Question 13

How did transcendentalism lead to Utopian Societies?

Answer 13

-Transcendentalism requires people to get out of formal, corrupt institutions,, and find true knowledge out in nature while connecting with divine power and one’s inner light

-Utopian socities were founded based on this idea, outside of the democratic society/institution, wher ethey could build off of an already perfected society, rather than trying to fix one

New Harmony: Contradictory
Brook Farms: No funding
Oneida: crumbled under democratic influence
Shakers: Loss of population

Question 14

What were the causes of the expansion of slavery? What were the effects?

Answer 14

Causes
-Cotton Gin/ market economy
-westward expansion from southerners exhausting soil
-continued slave trade within the US
-state rights and property rights protected
-South unified under white supremacy, even if a minority owned slaves

Effects
-Tensions
-Abolitionist movement expands
-WLG Liberator, David Walker’s Appeal
-Secession threatened
-violence from both sides
-More rebellions-> morale and support grows, cruelty recognized, harsher slave codes enforced
-Gag rule
-Attempted colony establishment for saving African Americans
-American Colonization society

Question 15

What were opportunities for African American’s during the 19th century? What were limitations?

Answer 15

Opportunities:
-Freedom in North
-Could use skills in market based economy
-could work for wages
-Church establishment

Limitations:
-Discrimination
- often only used to replace workers on strike
-signs of culture are destroyed
-no voting, reading, etc. under slave codes
-ran risk of being taken back even if officially free
-fear of family seperation
-running away resulted in personal or relative punishment