APUSH unit 2

Question 1

What were the differences between the 4 colonial regions? (elites/social systems, industries, important colonies, demographics/regions)

Answer 1

Chesapeake: Planters in congregations such as the House of Burgesses, Tobacco,
-originally these colonies were only for profit and were not meant to be long-term, therefore mostly men inhabited the colonies; the uneven amount of women led to low birth rates, with high death rates from disease, but new children eventually gained immunity to said diseases; closer farms/plantations
-Virginia; Virginia Company for Gold; House of Burgesses
-Maryland: Catholic

Southern: Wealthy aristocrats involved in the sugar trade/ planters in providing food for west indies
-Rice, Indigo
-Slaves, plantation owners, spread out plantations

New England
-Church members
-Lumber/shipbuilding/fishing
-Families, fertility rates high, rural areas
Massachusetts; City Upon a Hill
Rhode Island: separation of Church and state, suffrage

Middle:
-Landowners/voters
-Ironworks, grain, livestock
-rural communities, cities, Quakers, toleration, pacifists
New York: aristocratic-Leisler’s rebellion
Pennsylvania: Good NA relations

Question 2

How did Slavery escalate in the colonies?

Answer 2

-Originally, Native Americans were driven out, but were sometimes used as a labor source
-Native Americans began to die of disease causing a labor shortage; this was solved by indentured servants and the headright system
-Indentured servants got freedom and land once they served their time, but as land began to be divided, they got cheated out of their rights, and were forced to the frontiers
-They began getting attacked by Native Americans, and as Berkeley and the elite planters wanted to keep good NA relations, did nothing about it
-Bacon’s rebellion caused a shift from indentured servitude, even though slavery was very costly
-People began to fear living alongside potentially free slaves, and chattel slavery was implemented to prevent this
-Slave codes dehumanized slaves so as to prevent groups of similarities from forming and revolting; overt/covert rebellion
-the Stono rebellion led to harsher slave codes, including literacy and schools that taught (incorrectly) about slavery being meant by God
-Although England eventually outlawed the Triangular trade, they did not outlaw the practice of slavery
*any freedoms for slaves granted by other powers were not in interest of the slaves, but attempts to disrupt England

Question 3

What caused the Great Awakening and what effect did it have on the colonies?

Answer 3

-The enlightenment made many of the younger generation stray from God and towards science, while Anglican churches were more invested in enforcing political/economic policy, and the Halfway covenant and Arminianism all normalized a lack of religious fervor within the colonies
-In response, preachers like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield gave sermons full of emotion, encouraging personal interpretation and connection with God, leading to many different religious views and toleration
-It also incorporated enlightenment ideas against hierarchy, and allowed the non-elite to be involved with God as well

-This led to a reform within the Church, erasing hierarchy, and allowing diverse and representative Church participation; if more people of varying social are getting converted, that means that there is more diversity within church voting abilities, and because the Congregational Church influenced the political bodies, this led to a representative government institution

-While moving away from the Anglican church and towards the Puritan one (which was more tolerant now), the colonies developed a distinction from Britain religiously, and a value of certain enlightened systems that they would later incorporate into their political systems

Question 4

How did Native American relations change before and after the French and Indian War?

Answer 4

-NAs either adapted to or moved westward to prevent cultural desolation
-Europeans initially relied on NA knowledge of the seasons and agriculture for their survival, and eventually engaged with trade in them
-Before the war, the relations of the European powers allowed NAs to play rivalries off of each other within the borderlands for maximum gain
-During the war, the Algonquins sided with the French and the Iroquois sided with Britain (they were invited to the Albany Congress)
-After the F/I war, all other European powers besides Britain were taken off of North America, and the NAs could no longer benefit from rivalries; they had to make trade relations with only Britain
-Because the British weren’t as friendly in their economic policies, Pontiac’s Rebellion occurred and was immediately stopped
-The Proclamation of 1763 was made by Britain, but colonists blatantly ignored it; NA relations were shaky, but another revolt was unlikely

Question 5

What were the conditions of the colonies under salutary neglect?

Answer 5

-The colonies were mostly left alone politically if they made Britain a profit

-Colonists could easily evade British power via controlling the “purse” or simply not listening because of the distance between the two regions

-They were left to their own political systems and could experiment with self-governance, but these government systems were still highly exclusive

-They incorporated enlightenment ideas into their governance; Radical Whigs + republicans put them on high alert of their natural rights being interfered with

Question 5

How did mercantilism affect the colonies during and after salutary neglect?

Answer 5

-Britain discouraged textile production and foreign trading partners/currency-> loss of revenue
-Colonies gained a tobacco monopoly, but disliked the forced dependence of Britain
-Britain could veto laws if they went against mercantilist policies

-Because Britain viewed the colonies as only profit, they believed they could end salutary neglect (needed money and didn’t trust the colonies to A. follow new policies and B. protect the new frontiers)
-The colonies, expectedly, were outraged, as their rights and abilities that they had grown accustomed to were taken (ex. avoiding laws)

Question 6

What economic grievances arose from the end of Salutary neglect?

Answer 6

-Britain enforced the Sugar and Stamp Act
-The Stamp Act was worse because it was the first direct tax, and allowed colonies to see their taxation without representation
-The Townshend acts (unintentionally) made non-smuggled goods cheaper, and therefore nonimportation did not work; when these acts were repealed, the tea tax remained, but the colonies viewed the cheap tea as manipulation and refused to purchase it

In war:
their selfish economic motives and previous dependence on Britain goods/currency put them at a disadvantage

Question 7

What were the British policies and which aspects of colonial governance did they revoke? (7)

Answer 7

Proclamation Act of 1763- Right to land (that the colonists believed they had)
Admiralty Courts- right to resist taxation without representation + trial by jury
Declaratory Act- re-asserted power over the colonies
Used visual representation as an excuse
Townshend acts closed NY legislatures because they didn’t follow quartering acts
Intolerable Acts- revoked charter, cut off town meetings, closed Boston port
Quebec Act- allowed anti-colonial desires like catholicism, trial without jury, and no representative governments
New Quartering Acts- postwar; placing British officials in homes to enforce laws

Question 8

What were the different attepts at colonial unity that were (partially) successful? (10)

Answer 8

-Albany Congress: unity
-Stamp Act Congress; morale boost + first successful intercolonial unity
-Sons/Daughters of Liberty: spirit of revolt
-non-importation agreements: gave a sense of independence
-The Comitees of Correspondance
-First continental congress: partial unity, not permanent independence
-The Association
-Boston Tea Party
-Lexington and Concord: untied army
-Second continental congress: appointed George Washington as leader bc of Military experience and possible influence over involvement of southern colonies

Question 9

What were important qualities of Salutary Neglect in colonial governance? How were these recognized? (7)

Answer 9

-Rights to land: people given land as payment/grounds for basic survival
-Freedom of Press: Zenger Trial
-Trial by Jury: pre-established by Magna Carta
-Religious Tolerance: Great Awakening, but began with quakers
-representative governments/taxation with representation: Stamp Act- representatives voted on and rebellions occured when people weren’t represented properly
-Voting: Rhode Island and Middle Colonies; soon incorporated after Great Awakening with the popularized establishment of the town meeting
Education/Reading/Print: transatlantic print culture and transition from strictly religious shcools to liberal arts schools

All of these rights were only for aristocrats or elites before rebellions or complaints

Question 9

What were the unsuccessful attempts at colonial unity and why? (5)

Answer 9

-The Albany Plan of Union; Colonists weren’t willing to give up personal sovereignty, Britain thought it gave them too much personal sovereignty
-People in the South weren’t involved with the war because most battles happened in the North
-Merchants with war supplies brought prices up to make a profit, rather than bringing them fdown for easier colonial access to their own defense
-During the French and Indian war, colonists also refused to pay or supply means for their own defense
-Olive Branch treaty: final attempt at peace with Britain, which was rejected and caused a complete loss of hope for peace

Question 10

How were hierarchies of any form treated in the colonies?

Answer 10

They were resisted and revolted against in hopes of reform

Question 11

What was the social difference in the plantation vs rural colonies?

Answer 11

The plantation colonies were more spread out and cared more about agriculture than education of religion, therefore leading them to be societally underdeveloped

Meanwhile, the rural colonies cared more for community and established churches and schools in order to create civil people

Demographic always causes advancements or lack thereof

Question 11

What were some examples of people immigrating or not immigrating when conditions were unfavorable?
(4 vs 2)

Answer 11

Immigrating:
-Germans fled religious persecution
-Scots-Irish fled Ireland due to religious conflict
-Puritans and seperatists leaving Europe for the colonies
-Those not benefitted by primogeniture fleeing despite thier hereditary arsitocracy

Not immigrating:
-infertile New England soil stunted immigration
-New yorks aristocratic system, adopted by the Dutch, preventing migrants

Question 12

What were some British faults during the war?

Answer 12

-Distance from mother country
-many enemies
-ineffective military techniques
-lack of food
-Good troops/commanders busy in revolting ireland
-English Whigs

However, Britain was wealthy, and could afford supplies and soldiers

Question 13

What were colonial advantages and issues? (6 vs 4)

Answer 13

Pros:
-Fighting defense
-France helped them
-Food
-Fertility
-Large army
-No “heart” of destruction

Cons:
-Failure at colonial unity because they all had different demographics and therefore different goals
-Poor
-unorganized
-mainly relied on Britain for weapons