Apush unit 1

Question 1

Where were the Mayans located?

Answer 1

-Years 300-800
-In the Yucatan Peninsula (Belize, Guatemala, Southern Mexico)

Question 2

Where were the Aztecs located?

Answer 2

-Arose post-Mayan-downfall
-In central Mexico
capital: Tenactitlon (pop. of 200,000)

Question 3

Where were the Incas located?

Answer 3

-Arose during Aztec power
-Peru-based (Western South America empire)

Question 4

What were the main crops for each civilization?

Answer 4

Maya: corn (maize)
Aztec: corn
Inca: potatoes

Question 5

How do many historians suppose the ancient Natives initially arrived at the Americas? Further, How did their civilizations develop?

Answer 5

-It is believed that the ancient Natives may have crossed a land bridge from Alaska and soon adapted to their environment
-Their societies were organized, as well as scientifically developed (first accurate observation-based calendar)
-HEAVILY trade-based; the crops listed in the previous question, particularly corn, allowed many societies to begin developing in many aspects

Question 6

How did the Southwest people live? (important groups, how they adapted, discoveries)

Answer 6

Groups: Hohokam, Anasazi, Pueblo

-Once corn cultivation spread from Mexico, the trading and increase in agriculture allowed for economic and social development/adaptation

Adapting to the environment: The southwest was an extremely dry region, and once the society had developed enough from corn cultivation, they fostered the irrigation system to prevent complete desolation from possible droughts

Geographic settlement: they lived in caves, under cliffs, and in multistory buildings

Question 7

How did the Northwest people live?

Answer 7

Living places: long houses and plank houses

How they survived: fishing, hunting, gathering

Geographic region affecting adaptation: These people were isolated from other groups by mountains, preventing cultural drift and social growth

so…In order to keep their stories, legends, etc. alive while not being able to physically communicate with other groups, they created large totem poles which shared these stories.

Question 8

How did people on the Great Plains live?

Answer 8

How they survived: Nomadic- they used, most significantly, buffalo, for clothes, tools, and food (once the spanish arrived, natives stole or traded for horses to help them catch these buffalo)
-They were also very active traders (corn, squash, beans)
-They often split or merged their groups depending on the region they were in or traveling to

Living: teepees

Important groups: Siouan

Question 9

How did people near the Mississippi and Ohio rivers live?

Answer 9

-The soil was rich and allowed agriculture to flourish, which enabled these groups to settle in the area with a prosperous food situation

They fished, farmed, and hunted

Adena Hopewell: known for their “great earthen mounds.”
Cahokia: largest settlements

Question 10

How did people in the Northeast (eastern seaboard) live?

Answer 10

Natives from the Adena-Hopewell societies brought their knowledge of farming to this region (modern new york), but the soil, being not as favorable, was quickly exhausted by these intense methods, and they often had to move to find new soil.

Living: longhouses

Question 11

What was the Iroquois Confederation?

Answer 11

a political union formed by the NY and Great Lakes tribes

They fought in the American Revolution against rival tribes

Question 12

Which era kickstarted the desire for further exploration?

Answer 12

The Renaissance- in this era, gunpowder and many other traveling methods were created or heavily improved (sailing compass, map making, ship building), as well as the printing press, allowing journeys and outcomes, as well as propaganda for expeditions to be shared

Question 13

How did Religious conflict lead to a desire for exploration? (specific story)

Answer 13

The catholic church (dominating Europe) was threatened by the Ottomans and other religions in hopes of conquering Catholicism and gaining popularity

-Muslim Moors took over Spain, but once Spain reconquered their land, they set up many powerful kingdoms. Two of the most powerful kingdoms, those of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand, conjoined when the two wed one another. These two funded Columbus’s journey.

Question 14

What was the Protestant Rebellion?

Answer 14

Protestants revolted against the catholic pope, and many massacres and wars resulted from this.
->Further, this inspired other religions to try to gain significance, which increased the motive for exploration

Question 15

Why was finding new land so important in terms of trade?

Answer 15

There was originally a trade route to Asia, Africa (specifically to China) during the Byzantine era through Constantinople, but once the Ottomans reclaimed total control of the city, the trade route was shut down

-> people were desperate to find a new route

In reality, there was no true hope in finding NEW land, but a nessecity of finding a NEW PATH to already known and significant regions

Question 16

What were the accomplishments of the Portuguese in this aspect of finding a new route?

Answer 16

-Henry the Navigator found that sailing along western Africa around the Cape of Good Hope was efficient and beneficial

-Using this route, Vasco de Gama was the first to reach India using this route (1498)

-Though this was not a socially beneficial or moral thing, they began the use of slaves on plantations, a method that was adopted in the Americas

Question 17

How did the Spanish and Portuguese prove to be crucial in the new era of Exploration?

Answer 17

-They were the first European kingdoms to claim territory in the Americas

Question 18

What was the Line of Demarcation?

Answer 18

Many disputes were created between Spain and Portugal because of their dual settlement, and so the Pope, in an attempt to resolve this, drew a line down the middle of all possible territory

Spain got the western lands
Portugal got the eastern lands

Question 19

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Answer 19

Though the Pope’s LOD proved to be somewhat beneficial, there was one serious complication: it cut straight through Brazil

The Treaty of Tordesillas was a land agreement between the two nations in which Brazil was given to Portugal

Question 20

Who was the earliest conquistador/land claim by England?

Answer 20

John Cabot

Question 21

What prevented any earlier expeditions from England? How was this resolved? Who was significant?

Answer 21

Henry VIII’s cutting ties with the catholic church led to chaos and dispute within England

-Once Queen Elizabeth I came into power, she sent certain people from England to attack the Spanish and take some of their land

-Sir Francis Drake: seized ships, gold, and silver, and attacked settlements in Peru

-Walter Raleigh attempted to settle on Roanoke Island but failed

Question 22

Who were 2 significant explorers from France? What did they do?

Answer 22

Giovanni da Verrazzano- explored North America’s eastern coast (in hopes of finding a northwest path through the Americas to Asia)

Jacques Cartier: Explored the St. Lawrence River

Question 23

What prevented the French from making earlier settlements?

Answer 23

Internally: Catholic vs Hugeonaut wars
Externally: Other European wars

Question 24

What were Nation-States?

Answer 24

Countries where people share a common culture and loyalty to a central government

Question 25

Why was Columbus's journey a failure? (2 reasons)

Answer 25

A) he was initially trying to land in Asia B) he first landed in the Bahamas, and although his landing and discovery of new land were glorified, he truly found nothing of importance

Question 26

What was the Columbian Exchange?

Answer 26

The influence of European culture, items, and biology across the Atlantic on the Americas (for the first time)

Question 27

How were the Europeans affected by this exchange (positive and negative)?

Answer 27

Positive: -Found more sources of food, which led to a population increase and better nourished Europeans -Found forms of wealth (gold, silver, etc.) Negative: -Syphilis was introduced to Europe

Question 28

What did the Americans gain from this Exchange (positive and negative?)?

Answer 28

Positive: -The natives were introduced to HORSES, pigs, bluegrasses, and sugarcane -The Natives were also introduced to weapons that had been developed in Europe Negative: -Smallpox, Measles, and other diseases led to a rapid decline in the native population

Question 29

How did capitalism take power? Who then held the highest power?

Answer 29

It replaced Feudalism by making machinery and currency more significant with direct economics rather than land ->This allowed wealthy merchants to hold more economic liberty over land owners (due to the growth of commerce that accompanied the dissemination of capitalism)

Question 30

Why were Joint stock Companies created, and what were they?

Answer 30

Although a successful expedition could largely benefit those who funded it, this outcome was infrequent. There were often travel complications, casualties in both people and machinery, and an unfavorable outcome of finding nothing. Because of the precarious nature of these expeditions, a lot of people did not trust them enough to fund them A Joint Stock Company allows multiple investors to put in an amount of money for one particular expedition, and if there were any injury, they would only lose what they gave, rather than the entire cost of the casualty.

Question 31

What did Joint Stock Companies do to the economy?

Answer 31

They boosted it; they introduced exchange, shares, and less individualism/personal risk.

Question 32

Which conquests gave Spain supremacy within the Americas?

Answer 32

Vasco Nunez de Balboa: Traveled from the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean Ferdinand Magellan: circumnavigated the globe Hernan Cortés: The Conquest of the Aztecs in Mexico Francisco Pizarro: The Conquest of the Incas in Peru These successful journeys brought an abundance of wealth to Spain, influencing other countries to do the same

Question 33

Who were initially used as Slaves by the Spanish? What was the Encomienda System?

Answer 33

All remaining natives of the Aztec and Incan civilizations were used as slaves The Ecomienda system was a system where any land-owning Native would be assigned to a singular Spanish settler, and would live in something similar to serfdom. The Settler would bring the wealth acquired by the slaves' hard work to Spain and would give nothing in return

Question 34

Why did African labor begin? What was the Asiento system? What was this entire system known as?

Answer 34

Soon, the Natives began to die out from disease brought from the Columbian Exchange, lowering the amount of slaves (and, therefore, labor) ->The Spanish then sought to trade with African Partners for slaves The Asiento system was a system where any colonist who wanted a slave would pay a tax to receive one from the Spanish throne This exchange between the three regions was called the Transatlantic Slave Trade, or the Triangular Trade

Question 35

What, in quantitative data, was particularly awful about this trade?

Answer 35

During the highest point of activity of this trade, 10-15 million slaves were shipped away, with 10-15% of them passing away during the journey

Question 36

How did the Africans resist this? What parts of their culture did they manage to keep?

Answer 36

They would run away, sabotage their work, or revolt against the people who have control over them -> However, they did manage to keep their share of music, folkways, and religion

Question 37

Why was the Spanish Caste System created, and who was on either extreme?

Answer 37

Many of the Europeans who moved and settled within the Americas were single men, and therefore had to have children with single women of native or African backgrounds to maintain their bloodline -This resulted in a considerable amount of mixed heritage in the Spanish-conquered regions. Being prideful, the Spanish set up a hierarchical system of social class to maintain their self-value Pure blooded Spaniards were at the top, whilst pure blooded Natives and Africans (slaves) were at the bottom (Natives held a slightly higher value than the Africans, who were seen as complete objects of trade by the Europeans)

Question 38

Who was Bartolomé de las Casas?

Answer 38

a priest who valued the lives of Native Americans and thought it inhumane to enslave them, despite past contradictory acts of his own

Question 39

What were the New Laws of 1542

Answer 39

Persuaded into creation by Las Casas, it ended Native American cruelty and put a halt to the Encomienda System

Question 40

What was the Valladolid Debate? Who won?

Answer 40

A debate over the roles and treatment of Indians; on the other side of this debate was Juan Gines de Sepúlveda Neither side won, but Las Casas began the spreading and consideration of an equal mindset between the two cultures

Question 41

How did the English Interact with the Natives?

Answer 41

They arrived in generally vacant spots, as their postponed arrival came after the epidemic; they were first mutual with the natives, but then, arrogant as they were, saw them as savages AFTER they taught them their survival methods Unlike the Spanish method of subjugation, the English expelled them in prejudice

Question 42

How did the French Interact with the Natives? Specific Example?

Answer 42

Unlike either of the two arrogant countries, the French desired: A) to have military and economic allies B) to have control of the fur trade To achieve both of these desires, the French understood that they needed to treat the Native Americans with a level of respect where they could gain control while also partnering with them. They helped the Hurons against the Iroquois

Question 43

What did the first English settlers primarily want?

Answer 43

Religious freedom

Question 44

What was Roanoke's story?

Answer 44

An attempted settlement led by Walter Raleigh, which resulted in all of the colonists disappearing; the word 'croaton' was carved into a tree

Question 45

What was the initial purpose of Jamestown?

Answer 45

An expedition funded by the Virginia Company in hopes of getting rich- these investors all traveled to Virginia, expecting to find gold (many people aboard were either investors or jewelers)

Question 46

What happened to the first colonists in Jamestown? What happened to the replacements?

Answer 46

Because the vast majority of them did not know or want to learn/incorporate methods of farming, and 50% of them died Once they were replaced, they endured a time known as "The Starving Winter", which killed all but 65 colonists

Question 47

What was the Headright system?

Answer 47

Due to the low population in Jamestown, this system was created to grow the population: A colonist would get 50 acres of land per person they paid/funded to bring over to the colony This person owed a debt to their investor, and worked as an indentured servent for them until they either died or had worked enough years to earn freedom

Question 48

What cash crop changed Jamestown? How?

Answer 48

Tobacco: Once the settlers had discovered tobacco from the Natives, and because it was addictive and, therefore, a large economic advantage, they produced large quantities of it, and made a lot of money

Question 49

How did tobacco shape Jamestown's society?

Answer 49

Landowners were held above indentured servants, who were a majority of society (from the headright system) -It gave women some rights, because many men were expected to do the harder work, the widows of those who died received their land and other rights

Question 50

What was the Maryland Colony originally intended to be? By whom?

Answer 50

-the second Chesapeake colony A proprietorship under Cecilius Calvert; this was desired by Calvert because A) He wanted a kingdom for his family as he disliked the representative government in Virginia B) He was Catholic, which was not typically allowed in most colonies

Question 51

What were the differences between the Pilgrims and the Puritans?

Answer 51

Pilgrims: Wanted to disassociate from the COE completely Puritans: wanted to PURIFY the corrupted church

Question 52

What were some Puritan values? (3)

Answer 52

-They thought that the congregation should determine the structure rather than the bishops -The common good should be put above the rights of an individual -wanted everybody to be able to read the bible

Question 53

Why was the Mayflower Compact significant?

Answer 53

It was the first written framework for government bound all pilgrims to follow just and equal laws established by CHOSEN representatives

Question 54

Who was Squanto?

Answer 54

Imprudently, the pilgrims did not bring much food despite arriving a few weeks before winter, and all of them (a majority still did) would have died if it wasn't for... Squanto, who had helped them with food and survival tactics In appreciation, the first Thanksgiving was held

Question 55

What was the "Sermon Upon The Hill"?

Answer 55

"the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few" -it showed how devout puritans were -It established itself as a model for other nations so long as teamwork existed

Question 56

Why were Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts?

Answer 56

Anne Hutchinson: believed church membership should be based on inner grace rather than physical actions Roger Williams: advocated for religious toleration This displays the hypocritical nature of the church, ignoring its' "Sermon on the Hill" idea and considered peoples ideas in an aspect of whether or not they were in complete obedience to the church, rather than true social needs

Question 57

How did America go beyond its' original desire, which was solely for freedom?

Answer 57

it set laws in place that were truly the opposite, but only appeared as reforms because of a change win location, not mindset

Question 58

How did the Dutch colonies function? Who changed this?

Answer 58

New Amsterdam was to be a commercial "adventure" run by business men -They would let anyone inside the colony who helped them make a profit -The dutch gave women and African Americans more freedoms than England, who took the land and named it New York

Question 59

Who founded Pennsylvania and what was the goal for the land?

Answer 59

Charles II gave it to William Penn -a large amount of land intended to be a haven for quakers (as Penn was one)

Question 60

What were the quakers' values? (5)

Answer 60

-Opposed slavery -religious toleration -Treated Indians/Natives with respect -pacifists (Violence and war= not justifiable) -government prohibited drinking and swearing

Question 61

What were the complaints from the direct document of Bacon towards William Berkeley (the Virginia. Governor)? (one very important, 3 that are in correlation to the one)

Answer 61

-gave all favorable land to his personal acquaintances, but prohibited further expelling of Natives, leaving none left for people like Bacon ->lost territory/ citizens ->acted against kings desires ->protected the Indians

Question 62

What was Bacon's Rebellion? What were the effects/what idea did this begin? (3)

Answer 62

In retaliation, Bacon and his acquaintances burned Jamestown, took power, and took the land of people who followed Berkeley ->one of the first representation of a resentful lower power revolting against a higher power on the base of injustice -This began a shift from indentured servants to slaves and -a desire by the crown to control the colonies

Question 63

What was the Dominion of New England?

Answer 63

The large landmass that King James II attempted to merge the colonies (Connecticut, Plymouth, Massachusetts bay, NH, RI, NY, and east-west Jersey) into, controlled by him, in 1868 He put Edmund Andros in power, who appointed officials and created taxes on personal bias, and without peer consultation

Question 64

What was the Glorious Revolution?

Answer 64

When new Catholic Family entered England, and this reminded the colonists of their original goal; they revolted, put Andros in a jail, and re-asserted their Independence

Question 65

What was the Toleration Act of 1690? What changes followed this? (2)

Answer 65

Put into effect after the Glorious Revolution, it stated that all protestants would worship freely and accept all other views -property ownership> Church membership to determine voting rights -massachusetts now gained an English ruler rather than a company

Question 66

How did the Salem Witch trials become a punishment for people with seperate ideas?

Answer 66

Puritans had to deal with three things; their fear of the devil, women being treated with more respect, and not being able to express frustration on their personal views being violated So, once witchcraft became a rational accusation with physical complications, people began to blame those who had differing preferences and desires, accusing their mental state of being subject to the devil rather than being philosophical

Question 67

How was colonial society?

Answer 67

Men: population increased heavily, most workers were farmers and artisans, who provided goods Indentured Servants: because the conditions for the less wealthy being much harsher in europe, a lot of those poorer citizens moved the the colonies and became indentured servants (who could eventually gain freedom) Women: Married women rarely got the opportunity to gain land- male dominance was a legal and social code Many of their jobs were close to home, while the poorer women had very awful working conditions