Cellular Organization.

Question 1

Three main parts of a cell

Answer 1

Plasma membrane,Cytoplasm (cytosol,organelles)Nucleus

Question 2

Plasma Membranes function/purpose

Answer 2

Seperates the cells internal and external environment and regulates flow of material in/out of cell to maintain homeostasis

Question 3

Basic framework of plasma membrane

Answer 3

Lipid bilayer, two tail to tail layers made up of phospholipids,cholesterol and glycolipids

Question 4

Two types of proteins in a membrane

Answer 4

Integral and peripheral

Question 5

Integral proteins

Answer 5

Allow small and medium sized water soluble materials to cross the membrane

Question 6

Peripheral proteins

Answer 6

are loosely attached to the exterior or interior of the cell

Question 7

Lipid bilayer permeability

Answer 7

Permeable: water and non-polar molecules
Non permeable- ions and large uncharged polar molecules

Question 8

Another name for integral proteins

Answer 8

receptors

Question 9

Interstitial fluid

Answer 9

Extra-cellular fluid between cells in tissues

Question 10

Two methods for substances to move across the plasma membrane

Answer 10

Passive and Active processes

Question 11

Passive processes

Answer 11

Substance moves DOWN its concentration gradient using no outside energy (simple diffusion,osmosis)

Question 12

Active processes

Answer 12

Energy (ATP) is used to “push” substance through membrane against concentration gradient(active transport)

Question 13

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 13

passive process where an integral membrane protein assists transport through the membrane (channels or carriers)

Question 14

Isotonic solution

Answer 14

Solution where cells maintain their normal shape and volume (concentration of solute is same on both sides)

Question 15

Hypotonic solution

Answer 15

solution that has a lower concentration of solute (more water)

Question 16

Hypertonic solution

Answer 16

solution with a higher concentration of solute (less water)

Question 17

Sodium potassium pump

Answer 17

3 Na out, 2 K in. Uses the phosphate from ATP to change carriers shape

Question 18

Symporters

Answer 18

two or more substances moving against gradient at same time

Question 19

Antiporters

Answer 19

two substances moving against each other at the same time

Question 20

Vesicle

Answer 20

small round sac formed by budding off existing membrane

Question 21

Vesicle function

Answer 21

transport substances into,out of and through cells. requires energy from ATP

Question 22

endocytosis

Answer 22

materials moving into cell in a formed vesicle

Question 23

exocytosis

Answer 23

materials move out of a cell by fusion of a vesicle (transports hormones and enzymes)

Question 24

two types of endocytosis

Answer 24

phagocytosis (cell eating),bulk phase endocytosis (cell drinking)

Question 25

cytoskeleton

Answer 25

provides structural framework for the cell. composed of mincrofilaments,intermediate filaments and microtubules

Question 26

Centrosome

Answer 26

organelle in cell. organizing center for growth of the miotic spindle required for cell division

Question 27

cillia and flagella

Answer 27

responsible for cell movement (cillia moves fluid around cell)operates with a stroking motion one side "powerstrokes" many cillia per cell but only one flagella

Question 28

Ribosome

Answer 28

sites of protein synthesis

Question 29

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 29

organelle. network of folded membranes

Question 30

rough ER

Answer 30

extends from nuclear envelope and is studded with ribosomes. functions to synthesize proteins

Question 31

smooth ER

Answer 31

extends from rough ER and lacks ribosomes. synthesizes fatty acids and steroids

Question 32

golgi complex

Answer 32

organelle. functions to modify and package proteins produced in the rough ER

Question 33

lysosomes

Answer 33

membrane enclosed vesicles that contain digestive enzymes

Question 34

peroxisomes

Answer 34

contain oxidases which are enzymes that oxidize organic substances

Question 35

proteasomes

Answer 35

continuously destroys uneeded proteins

Question 36

nuclear envelope

Answer 36

seperates the nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 37

gene structure

Answer 37

arranged along chemical chromosomes. humans have 46 (23 from each parent)

Question 38

protein synthesization

Answer 38

first transcribes RNA, then translates into the new protein

Question 39

reproductive cell division

Answer 39

meiosis. process that rpoduces sperm and oocytes