Endocrine patho

Question 1

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 1

Syndrome causing altered carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, characterized by hyperglycemia

Question 2

Diabetes Mellitus
Type I

Answer 2

Insulin Dependent Diabetes
Mellitus (IDDM)
Abrupt onset of symptoms
Insulin Dependent
Etiology: autoimmune basis,
genetic predisposition, viral
ONSET: ANYTIME of life

Question 3

Pathophysiology of Type I DM

Answer 3

• Beta cells (secrete insulin) are destroyed
  manifests as weight loss,ketoacidosis,acetone breath and hyperglycemia

Question 4

Diabetes Mellitus
Type II

Answer 4

Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes (NIDDM)
* More prevalence in adults
Onset at anytime in life
Slow onset

Question 5

Pathophysiology of DM type 2

Answer 5

Combination of 2 factors:
* Defective insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta cells
* Inability to respond appropriately to the insulin (insulin resistance)

Question 6

Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 6

Clinical Manifestations:
Polyuria,Polydipsia,Polyphagia
Parathesia and fatigue

Question 7

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 7

Pregnancy complication in
which women develop chronic hyperglycemia during gestation
Occurs during 2nd/3rd
trimester

Question 8

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 8

Risk factors:
* Women with a history of
diabetes
* Previous History of stillbirth or spontaneous abortion
* Obesity
* Advanced Maternal age (>35 is considered geriatric
pregnancy)
* 5 or more pregnancies

Question 9

Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 9

Related to an
insufficiency of ADH
leading to polyuria and
polydipsia

Question 10

Complications of
Diabetes

Answer 10

Hypoglycemia
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Hyperosmolar
Hyperglycemia State
Chronic Complications

Question 11

Diabetic KetoAcidosis

Answer 11

Typically found in patients with Type I Diabetes
Mellitus
Caused by lack of insulin and not allowing the body to use glucose for energy.

Question 12

Patho of Ketoacidosis

Answer 12

Liver breaks down fat for
fuel- acids called ketones are the end product

Question 13

Clinical manifestations of DKA

Answer 13

• BGL > 14 mmol/L
• Postural dizziness
• CNS depression
• Nausea, abdominal
  pain, thirst
• Acetone breath odor

Question 14

Hyperosmolar
Hyperglycemic State

Answer 14

Characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity
with dehydration, the absence of ketoacidosis, and depression of the sensorium

Question 15

Cortisol

Answer 15

• Affects almost every organ and tissue
• Assists with the body’s response to stress

Question 16

Addisons Disease

Answer 16

Deficiency of glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids
Most commonly caused by autoimmune reactions.

Question 17

Clinical Manifestations:
of Addisons Disease

Answer 17

• Decreased blood glucose level
• High risk of infections
• Poor stress response
• Weight loss, fatigue
• Anorexia, nausea, diarrhea
• Hypotension, syncope
• Hyperpigmentation

Question 18

Cushing Syndrome

Answer 18

Excessive amounts of glucocorticoids
Caused by pituitary tumor,adrenal cortex tumor or iatrogenic

Question 19

Clinical manifestations of cushings syndrome

Answer 19

Supressed immune response and atrophy of lymphoid system
Hypertension

Question 20

Goiter

Answer 20

Enlargement of thyroid gland, caused by thyroid disorders and iodine deficiency

Question 21

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 21

Excess secretion by the
thyroid gland (clinical
term thyrotoxicosis)

Question 22

Increased thyroid
hormones effects

Answer 22

• An increased metabolic
  rate and oxygen
  consumption
• Intolerance and in
  increased tissue
  sensitivity to stimulation
  by the sympathetic
  nervous system

Question 23

Hyperthyroidism- Causes

Answer 23

Graves disease (an autoimmune disorder,most common cause)
Toxic goiter
Thyroid crisis

Question 24

Hyperthyroidism manifestations

Answer 24

Heat intolerance
Hair loss
Tachycardia
Protruding eyes
Weight loss

Question 25

Thyroid Storm

Answer 25

Life-threatening condition of the thyroid gland that develops in cases of untreated thyrotoxicosis Causes death within 48 hours

Question 26

Hypothyroidism

Answer 26

Deficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland

Question 27

Manifestations of hypothyroidism

Answer 27

* Low basal metabolic rate—slow heart rate * Decreased cold tolerance * Fatigue, weight gain, lethargic * Depression

Question 28

Myxedema

Answer 28

Used as interchangeable term with hypothyroidism Causes non-pitting edema, facial puff and thick tongue, hoarse voice

Question 29

Untreated hypothyroidism leads to?

Answer 29

Myxedema coma- a crisis state with reduced metabolism that affects all organ systems

Question 30

Pancreatitis

Answer 30

Inflammation of pancreas Most common cause is gallstones and alcohol use

Question 31

Pancreatitis patho

Answer 31

Pancreatic digestive enzymes cause tissue destruction of pancreas tissue

Question 32

Pancreatitis manifestations

Answer 32

ABD pain and distention N/V Diaphoresis Syncope Shock