Nathan > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

The nervous system releases?

A

neurotransmitters

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2
Q

endocrine system releases

A

hormones

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3
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete their products into ducts

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4
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones,Endocrine glands do not have ducts

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5
Q

in the presence of high
concentrations of hormone

A

Receptors may be down-regulated

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6
Q

in the presence of low
concentrations of hormone

A

Receptors may be up-regulated

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7
Q

When a second hormone is present to strengthen an effect

A

Permissive or synergistic

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8
Q

Hormones that oppose the actions of others

A

antagonistic effect

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9
Q

How does most hormone regulation function?

A

Via negative feedback loops, only some operate via positive feedback loops

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10
Q

Anterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

makes up 75% of the weight of the pituitary gland and secretes 7 hormones

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11
Q

posterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

made of neural tissue and
releases 2 hormones made by the hypothalamus

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12
Q

anterior pituitary gland secretes:

A
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
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13
Q

Path of releasing and inhibiting hormones to anterior lobe

A

Hypothalamus through the hypophyseal portal

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14
Q

Path of hormone release to posterior lobe

A

Starts in Hypothalamus travels via hypothalamic-
hypophyseal tract

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15
Q

Posterior lobe secretes?

A

o Oxytocin (OT)
o Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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16
Q

Oxytocin

A

released in response to stretch placed on
the cervix during childbirth.
enhances contractions
stimulates milk ejection

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17
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secreted varies with blood osmolarity

A
  • An increase in blood volume (decrease osmolarity)
    causes a decrease in ADH secretion
  • A decrease in blood volume (increased osmolarity)
    causes an increase in ADH secretion
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18
Q

Thyroid hormones (T3,T4)

A

regulate oxygen use, cellular metabolism, and
growth and development

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19
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Target tissue: Liver
Stimulates liver and msk tissue to make IGF which promote general tissue growth

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20
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

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A

Target tissue: Thyroid gland
Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

21
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone

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A

Initiates development and secretion of estrogen in females and sperm in men

22
Q

Luteinizing hormone

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A

Stimulates secretion of estrogen and formation of corpus luteum in woman. Produces testosterone in men

23
Q

Prolactin

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A

Target tissue: mammary glands
Promotes milk production

24
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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A

Target tissue: Suprarenal cortex (adrenal gland)
Stimulates secretion of cortisol by suprarenal cortex

25
Main difference between anterior and posterior pituitary lobes
Anterior secrets 7 hormones and synthesizes them in the lobe Posterior secretes 2 hormones and does not synthesize them. They are synthesized in hypothalamus
26
Thyroid gland
butterfly-shaped gland located inferior to the larynx. Has left and right lobes connected via the isthmus
27
Whats Necessary for synthesis of T3 and T4?
iodine, TSH constantly being released in a iodine deficient environment causes goiters
28
parathyroid glands
embedded on the posterior surfaces of the thyroid.
29
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
regulates homeostasis of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. PTH secretion is controlled by the level of calcium, magnesium and phosphate in the blood.
30
The pancreas
located in the curve of the duodenum. It has both endocrine and exocrine functions. endocrine portion consists of pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhan cells, made up of alpha and beta subtypes
31
Alpha cells and beta cells
Alpha cells secrete glucagon and beta cells secrete insulin.
32
Glucagon
increases blood glucose level
33
insulin
decreases blood glucose level
34
What gland is involved with Renin angiotensin pathway?
Adrenal glands suprarenal cortex secrete aldosterone
35
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex:
Glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), androgen, and estrogen
36
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla:
* Catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine * The adrenal medulla consist of cells of the ANS
37
Androgen production (testosterone and estrogen)
both males and females, the adrenal cortex secretes small amounts of androgens, In males the testes takes over primary testosterone production at puberty. In females Ovaries take over primary production of estrogen at puberty
38
catecholamines
* epinephrine (adrenalin) (80%) * norepinephrine (noradrenalin) (20%)
39
stress response
1. An initial fight-or-flight response 2. A slower resistance reaction 3. And eventually exhaustion
40
pineal gland
small endocrine gland attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain at the midline
41
melatonin
secreted by the pineal gland, contributes to setting the body’s biological clock
42
Gonads
the organs that produce gametes – sperm in males and oocytes in females.
43
females gonads
the ovaries, are paired oval bodies located in the pelvic cavity and produce estrogens, progesterone and inhibin
44
female sex hormones
regulate the menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, and prepare the mammary glands for lactation.
45
male gonads
the testes, are oval glands that lie inside the scrotum and produce testosterone and inhibin
46
Testosterone
regulates production of sperm and causes male sex characteristics
47
Estrogen main functions
* Reproductive tract endometrium - Increase in thickness * Breast tissue development * Increase bone density * Female sex characteristics
48
Progesterone main functions:
* Preparing the endometrium for pregnancy * Regulating the monthly menstrual cycle * Maintaining pregnancy
49
Effect of Testosterone:
* Spermatogenesis * Development of male secondary sex characteristics * Bone mass * Fat distribution * Muscle development * RBC production
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