CVS patho

Question 1

Aneurysm

Answer 1

Abnormal localized dilation of blood vessel. Causes damage/pain through temp. ischemia due to reduced blood flow

Question 2

Two types of aneurysm

Answer 2

False: does not include all layers of vessel
True:Involves all layers of vessel ie. saccular,fusiform

Question 3

Aortic Aneurysm

Answer 3

May involve any part of aorta, most common cause atherosclerosis and breakdown of vessels tunica media

Question 4

Aortic Dissection

Answer 4

False aneurysm, vessel wall tears open resulting in hemorrhage into space. Manifests as abrupt extreme pain described as ripping in chest

Question 5

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 5

Means hardening of arteries, chronic disease of arterial system. Gradual thickening and hardening of vessel wall causes narrowing of artery and ischemia

Question 6

Atherosclerosis

Answer 6

Form of arteriosclerosis.
Formation of fibrofatty lesions in between intimal lining and media. Caused by defect of or to intimal layer

Question 7

Atherosclerosis Risk Factors

Answer 7

High cholesterol, cig smoking,obesity,age

Question 8

Peripheral Vascular Disease

Answer 8

Chronic progressive circulation disorder. Can affect any vessels but most commonly lower extremities.

Question 9

Hypertension

Answer 9

BP above the normal range:
systolic greater than 140 mmHg or diastolic greater than 90 mmHg

Question 10

Orthostatic hypertension

Answer 10

refers to the increase in the blood pressure upon assuming an upright posture. Systolic rise of 20mmHg or more

Question 11

Orthostatic hypotension

Answer 11

refers to the decrease in the blood pressure upon assuming an upright position. Systolic drop of 10mmHg within 2-5 minutes of standing.

Question 12

Hypertensive Crisis

Answer 12

Characterized by sudden, marked elevations in blood
pressure (>180/120 mmHg) ,evidence of acute or worsening target organ damage ie. cardiac ischemia, ischemic stroke

Question 13

Endocarditis

Answer 13

Life threatening inflammation of the inner lining of the hearts chambers and valves. Presents same as MI except also has fever present

Question 14

Myocarditis

Answer 14

Inflammation of the heart muscle located in
between the endocardium and epicardium that
can reduce the hearts ability to pump blood. result of a viral infection

Question 15

Acute Pericarditis

Answer 15

Acute pericarditis is defined as S/S related to inflammation of the pericardium of less two weeks. Presents as chest pain,fever,chills

Question 16

Angina (angina pectoris)

Answer 16

sudden pain that occurs when the supply of oxygen to the myocardium is insufficient to meet the demand.

Question 17

Stable Angina

Answer 17

Classic or exertion
angina, result of a stable
atherosclerotic plaque.
Vessels cannot dilate in
response to increased
myocardial demand

Question 18

Variant Angina

Answer 18

also called vasospastic angina. occurs due to coronary vasospasm

Question 19

Silent Myocardial
Ischemia

Answer 19

occurs when the heart temporarily doesn’t receive enough blood, but the
patient does not notice any effects

Question 20

Acute Coronary Syndrome

Answer 20

Umbrella term describing any group of clinical symptoms compatible with AMI

Question 21

Unstable Angina

Answer 21

Pain at rest or minimal activity
Pain prolonged or more severe
Pain occurring with increased frequency
Not relieved by rest or medications
Incomplete occlusion

Question 22

NSTEMI (non-ST elevation myocardial infarction)

Answer 22

partial blockage of one of the coronary arteries, causing reduced flow of
oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle,no ST elevation. Incomplete occlusion, biomarkers present

Question 23

STEMI

Answer 23

Ischemic death of myocardial tissue with ST elevation seen. Result of complete occlusion. biomarkers present

Question 24

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

Answer 24

Term for left sided heart failure, left sided failure leads to right sided failure

Question 25

Cor pulmonale

Answer 25

Term of right sided failure exclusively

Question 26

Myocardial Contusion

Answer 26

bruise of the cardiac muscle

Question 27

Pericardial Effusion:

Answer 27

Accumulation of fluid within the pericardial cavity usually due to an infection or inflammation. Causes tamponade in advanced stage

Question 28

Anemia

Answer 28

Low number of RBC or hemoglobin levels or both. Results in diminished O2 carrying capacity

Question 29

4 Main causes of anemia

Answer 29

Excessive blood loss Destruction of RBC (hemolysis) Defective/inadequate RBC production

Question 30

Hemophilia

Answer 30

Hereditary bleeding disorder Caused by a deficiency in factor VIII or factor IX

Question 31

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Answer 31

Condition which causes small blood clots to develop throughout bloodstream. Causes excessive bleeding due to platelet depletion