Chapter 19 Additional Vocabulary

Question 1

acute kidney injury (AKI)

Answer 1

A sudden decrease in kidney function that causes fluid, electrolyte, and waste-product imbalance.

Question 2

chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Answer 2

A progressive loss of kidney function over months to years, often leading to long‑term complications.

Question 3

gynecologic

Answer 3

Relating to the female reproductive system and its medical conditions.

Question 4

abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)

Answer 4

A weakening and ballooning of the abdominal aorta that can rupture and cause life‑threatening internal bleeding.

Question 5

kidneys

Answer 5

Two organs that filter blood, remove waste, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and produce urine.

Question 6

hemorrhoids

Answer 6

Swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum or anus that can cause pain or bleeding.

Question 7

diverticulitis

Answer 7

Inflammation or infection of small pouches in the intestinal wall, usually in the colon.

Question 8

gastroenteritis

Answer 8

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, typically causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping.

Question 9

Mallory-Weiss tear

Answer 9

A tear in the junction of the esophagus and stomach caused by forceful vomiting, leading to bleeding.

Question 10

esophageal varices

Answer 10

Dilated veins in the lower esophagus that can rupture and cause massive upper GI bleeding, often related to liver disease.

Question 11

esophagitis

Answer 11

Inflammation of the esophagus, commonly caused by acid reflux, infection, or irritation.

Question 12

gastrointestinal hemorrhage

Answer 12

Bleeding anywhere in the GI tract, presenting as hematemesis, melena, or hematochezia depending on location.

Question 13

appendicitis

Answer 13

Inflammation or infection of the appendix, typically causing right‑lower‑quadrant abdominal pain.

Question 14

pancreatitis

Answer 14

Inflammation of the pancreas, often causing severe upper abdominal pain radiating to the back.

Question 15

gallstones

Answer 15

Hardened deposits in the gallbladder that can block ducts and cause pain or inflammation.

Question 16

ulcers

Answer 16

Open sores in the stomach or duodenum caused by acid erosion, infection, or medication effects.

Question 17

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

Answer 17

A condition in which ulcers form in the stomach or duodenum due to acid imbalance or mucosal breakdown.

Question 18

duodenum

Answer 18

The first section of the small intestine where stomach contents mix with digestive enzymes.

Question 19

jejunum

Answer 19

The middle portion of the small intestine responsible for nutrient absorption.

Question 20

ileum

Answer 20

The final section of the small intestine that absorbs nutrients and connects to the large intestine.

Question 21

genitourinary

Answer 21

Relating to the organs of the reproductive and urinary systems.

Question 22

hematemesis

Answer 22

Vomiting blood, indicating upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Question 23

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

Answer 23

Complete or near‑complete kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplant to sustain life.

Question 24

peritoneal dialysis (PD)

Answer 24

A dialysis method in which fluid is infused into the abdominal cavity to draw out waste products.

Question 25

shunting

Answer 25

Redirecting blood flow, often referring to vascular access for dialysis or abnormal circulatory pathways.

Question 26

fistula

Answer 26

A surgically created connection between an artery and a vein used for long‑term dialysis access.

Question 27

exsanguination

Answer 27

Severe blood loss to the point of life‑threatening shock or death.

Question 28

pyelonephritis

Answer 28

A bacterial infection of the kidneys that causes inflammation, flank pain, fever, and urinary symptoms; often results from an untreated lower UTI that has ascended into the renal tissue.

Question 29

cholecystitis

Answer 29

Inflammation of the gallbladder, usually caused by a gallstone blocking the cystic duct; often presents with right‑upper‑quadrant abdominal pain, fever, and nausea.