Chapter 26

Question 1

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

Answer 1

Test that analyzes the electrical activity in the heart

Question 2

Cardiac structures

Answer 2

Four chambers (2 atria and 2 ventricles) divided by a septum.
Four valves (one way doorways and the heart) tricuspid is between right atrium and right ventricle) pulmonary valve (between right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) mitral or bicuspid valve (between left atrium and left ventricle) aortic (between left ventricle and aorta)

Question 3

Cardiac blood flow steps

Answer 3

Step one: deoxygenated blood is received into right atrium (from interior/superior vena cava and coronary sinus)
Step two: blood enters the right ventricle through the right atria, then goes into the pulmonary vein to move to lungs for oxygenation.
Step three: re oxygenated blood enters the left atrium through the pulmonary vein.
Step four: oxygenated blood moves into the left ventricle from the left atria then is pushed out into the aorta and the rest of the body.

Question 4

Conduction system steps

Answer 4

Step one: Sino atrial (s a) node (pacemaker of the heart)
Step two: atrioventricular (A-v) node (impulse comes from SA node and slows down here before moving forward)
Step three: bundle of his (Atrioventricular Bundle) (impulses leaves the AV node and comes to the bundle of his)
Step four: Purkinje fibers (branch off of the bundle branches and transmit impulses to ventricular cells)

Question 5

ECG waves: P wave

Answer 5

Electrical impulses move through the right and left atria (SA node)

The first deflection on an electrocardiogram (ECG) that represent atrial

represents the depolarization of the atria

Question 6

Ecg waves: PR segment

Answer 6

Electrical impulses move slowly through the AV node.

contains only the isoelectric line

Question 7

Ecg waves: qrs complex

Answer 7

Impulses moves from the AV node through the remaining conduction system (bundle of his, bundle branches and Purkinje fibers)

The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization

Q Wave: A downward deflection that follows the P wave.
R Wave: An upward deflection that follows the Q wave.
S Wave: A downward deflection that occurs after the R wave.

Question 8

Ecg waves: ST segment
Hint: Flat

Answer 8

No electrical activity in the heart during this segment.

The ST segment is the flat, isoelectric section of the electrocardiogram (ECG) that occurs between the end of the S wave (the J point) and the beginning of the T wave.

Question 9

Ecg waves: T wave

Answer 9

The electrical activity from ventricular repolarization creates the T wave.

represents ventricular repolarization

Question 10

Ecg lead types (three types)

Answer 10

Bipolar leads, unipolar leads, and precordial leads

Question 11

Examples of sinus arrhythmias

Answer 11

Sinus tachycardia and bradycardia

Question 12

Examples of atrial dysrhythmias

Answer 12

Arterial fibrillation atrial flutter, and premature atrial contractions

Question 13

Examples of a heart block

Answer 13

First, second, and third degree

first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree heart block, which differ in severity and how electrical signals are conducted through the heart. First-degree is a mild delay, second-degree involves skipped beats, and third-degree (complete heart block) is the most severe, with the electrical signal not reaching the ventricles at all

Question 14

Examples of ventricular dysrhythmias

Answer 14

Premature ventricular bradycardia, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, asystole