DA

Question 1

Design/teleological argument

Answer 1

An argument for God as the mind/designer/intelligence which explains the order we find in reality/the universe

Question 2

Teleological

Answer 2

relating to the explanation of things via the purpose they serve (e.g nature has been made by God with a purpose in mind)

Question 3

elements on the design argument from analogy by Hume

Answer 3

non-deductive

analogical

a posteriori

spatial order

Question 4

elements of Paley’s design argument from spatial order

Answer 4

non-analogical

deductive

a posteriori

spatial order

Question 5

elements of Swinburne’s design argument from temporal order

Answer 5

Analogical

abductive

non-deductive

a posteriori

temporal order

Question 6

Regularities of copresence (spatial order)

Answer 6

Patterns of spatial order at some one instant of time

Question 7

Regularities of succession (temporal order)

Answer 7

simple patterns of behaviour of objects, such as their behaviour in accordance with the laws of nature

Question 8

Design argument from analogy as presented by Hume

Answer 8

P1: Human artefacts have ‘spatial order’, a form of ‘teleological’ property whereby parts are arranged in space with high complexity such that they work towards a purpose.

P2: Nature itself also have ‘spatial order’

P3: Human artefacts have these spatial order because they have been deliberately designed by an intelligent being.

P4: Similar effects typically have similar explanations

C1: Therefore, natural entities probably have spatial order because they have been deliberately designed by an intelligent being.

P5: Natural entities are much more complicated than human artefacts.

P6: This greater complexity probably requires greater intelligence.

C1: Therefore this intelligent being which exists probably has much greater intelligence than a human.

C2: Therefore, God exists

Question 9

argument from analogy

Answer 9

a special type of non-deductive argument, where known similarities between things are used as a basis to infer that there is some further similarity.

Question 10

Hume’s objections to the design argument from analogy

Answer 10

There are many differences between human and natural artefacts:
Not living, Living

Not self-sustaining and not self-replicating,
self-sustaining and self-replicating

All have a clear purpose,
Nature as a whole has no clear purpose

Question 11

Paley’s deductive design argument: from spatial order

Answer 11

P1: Nature itself has ‘spatial order’, a form of ‘teleological’ property whereby parts are arranged in space with high complexity such that they work towards a purpose.

P2: Nature can only have spatial order if they were deliberately designed by an intelligent being.

C1: Therefore, an intelligent being exists

P3: Natural entities are of great complexity

P4: This greater complexity requires great intelligence.

C2: Therefore, this intelligent being must be very intelligent.

P5: This intelligent being cannot be part of nature since nature as a whole has design properties that need explaining.

C3: Therefore, this greatly intelligent being must exist outside of the natural world.

C4: Therefore, God exists.

Question 11

Swinburne’s design argument from temporal order

Answer 11

P1: The universe as a whole contains temporal order

P2: There are two possible hypotheses to explain this:
(H1) temporal order has a scientific explanation; or
(H2) temporal order has a personal explanation

P3: (H2) is better than (H1) because:
(H1) fails: science can only explain the existence of temporal order in terms of more fundamental temporal order. Science cannot itself explain why the fundamental laws of science exist as they do.
(H2) is supported by analogical argument: human temporal order has a personal explanation, so it is likely that natural temporal order also have a personal explanation.

P4: Because the whole physical world contains temporal order, the free intelligent being in question would have to have designed the whole world, and so must be immensely powerful and intelligent, free and disembodied

C: Therefore, God exists.

Question 12

abductive reasoning

Answer 12

a hypothesis that best explains the things that we know