NUTR 305 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Core characteristics of health research

A

objective
systematic
logical

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2
Q

Systematic approach for health research includes what 4 things

A

how knowledge should be acquired
how knowledge should be stated
how truth or validity should be tested
how knowledge should be applied

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3
Q

3 other methods used to obtain knowledge aside from science

A

authority
rationalism
intuition

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4
Q

Authority

A

knowledge considered true because of tradition, or said by experienced or distinguished person

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5
Q

Rationalism

A

reasoning/logic

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6
Q

Intuition

A

insights without conscious reasoning (“eureka” experience)

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7
Q

Scientific worldviews are a researchers what?

A

basic set of beliefs

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8
Q

Name the four scientific worldviews

A

Postpositivism
Constructivism
Transformative (Advocacy/Participatory)
Pragmatism

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9
Q

What other scientific worldview is there?

A

two-eyed seeing

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10
Q

What is the positivist paradigm based on?

A

the notion of a single truth

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11
Q

Positivist paradigm is typically associated with what?

A

the scientific method

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12
Q

What does the positivist paradigm assert?

A

Only scientific knowledge derived from empirical evidence is of real value

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13
Q

What does the positivist paradigm say should be excluded from a study?

A

concepts not arising from observable phenomena

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14
Q

Constructivism is based on what

A

the notion of multiple realities and meanings as varied an multiple

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15
Q

What do researchers of constructivism recognize

A

their own backgrounds shape interpretations

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16
Q

Transformative paradigm is based on what?

A

the idea that research needs to be intertwined with politics and a political agenda

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17
Q

Transformative paradigm focuses on what?

A

action that might change the lives of participants in the study

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18
Q

Pragmatism research needs to be concerned with what?

A

with “what works” and solutions to problems

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19
Q

What does two-eyed seeing combine?

A

information and practices of western and indigenous perspectives

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20
Q

Core cycle within the scientific method

A

Observations <—> hypotheses <—> theories (bi-directional relationship)

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21
Q

List the three elements of the scientific method according to the positivist view

A

Skepticism
Determinism
Empiricism

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22
Q

Skepticism

A

any proposition or statement open to doubt and analysis

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23
Q

Determinism

A

events occur according to natural laws and causes

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24
Q

Empiricism

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A

enquiry should be through observation and verified through experience

25
Observations
descriptions of phenomena from precise, unbiased recording
26
Two types of observations
sets of measurements (instruments) verbal descriptions (questionnaires)
27
Key attributes of good observations
accuracy replicability
28
Observations need to be appropriately what?
summarized
29
When observations are confirmed by others what is formed?
the basis of scientific knowledge
30
Define induction in the context of scientific research.
The logic underlying scientific generalizations
31
What does induction involve
asserting general propositions about a phenomena based on a limited number of observations
32
What is a hypothesis?
Statements that specify the expected relationship between two or more sets of variables
33
The terms used for the hypothesis must have what?
clear-cut observable referents (eg. saturated fat in the diet raises blood cholesterol)
34
When hypotheses have strong empirical support they may be called what?
laws (eg. law of gravity)
35
Theories
integration of hypotheses into more general explanatory systems
36
What do theories clarify
relationships between diverse observations and hypotheses
37
Theories provide conceptual means for what?
predicting and influencing events
38
What does deduction refer to in scientific research?
The process where theories lead to empirically verifiable statements or hypotheses
39
How can hypotheses be deduced
logically from relationships postulated by theories
40
The validity of induction: scientific thinking challenges what?
the validity of generalizations based on limited evidence
41
What conditions do hypotheses need to be tested under
controlled
42
Why do hypotheses need to be tested under controlled conditions
We need to show that the hypothesis specifically causes the expected effect—and not a bunch of unrelated or unexpected outcomes
43
Verification
the theory from which the hypothesis was deduced is verified if findings support the hypothesis
44
Falsification
the theory from which the hypothesis was deduced is falsified if findings do not support the hypothesis
45
If the theory is falsified what does it become?
less useful
46
True or False: Scientific theories are considered absolute truths
False
47
If theories are not absolute truths what are they?
probabilistic explanations of available evidence
48
True or False: theories in practice are readily modified or discarded by scientists
False
49
Instead of discarding theories what happens
often inner core of propositions are protected by an outer belt of auxillary, modifiable hypotheses
50
What is a methodological controversy then for theories
what is the logical basis for discarding one theory and accepting its rival
51
What does the medical model focus on
physical or biological aspects of disease and illness
52
How does the medical model view the body
as a machine that can be repaired or fixed when something goes wrong
53
What is the biopsychosocial model?
A holistic approach that considers biological, psychological, and social factors equally in understanding health
54
The biopsychosocial model is increasingly used due to increases in what 3 things
roles of other health professionals patients are viewed as active participants in care cost of health care
55
Fill in the blank: The medical model predominantly utilizes _______ methods
Quantitative
56
Why does the medical model focus on quantitative methods
due to its focus on biological factors that can be precisely and objectively measured
57
Fill in the blank: The biopsychosocial model embraces _______ methods
Qualitative
58
Why does the biopsychosocial model embrace qualitative methods
to gain a deeper understanding of how psychological and social factors impact individual health experiences
59
What does the holistic model bring in
qualitative or interpretive approach
NUTR 305
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