Lecture 13

Question 1

NHANES stands for

Answer 1

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Question 2

When did NHANES begin

Answer 2

1960’s

Question 3

In the US, NHANES is…

Answer 3

one of the most important and comprehensive nutrition surveys conducted

Question 4

What does NHANES collect

Answer 4

detailed information on the food and nutrient intake of
Americans, as well as their health status

Question 5

NHANES uses a combination of what?

Answer 5

interviews, physical examinations, and laboratory
tests to gather data on dietary intake, biomarkers (e.g., blood glucose, cholesterol), and other health indicators

Question 6

What are group dietary intake surveys crucial for?

Answer 6

evaluating nutritional adequacy in populations

Question 7

2 types of group dietary intake

Answer 7

food disappearance data
household food intakes

Question 8

What does food disappearance data provide

Answer 8

a macro-level picture of the total food available within a country or region

Question 9

What does food disappearance data help estimate?

Answer 9

the overall food supply and is used to make per capita
intake calculations

Question 10

What do household food intakes involve

Answer 10

directly surveying households to understand how much food
is purchased and consumed within a family unit over a specific period, typically one week

Question 11

For household food intakes who is a survey conducted with?

Answer 11

the household member responsible for food
purchasing and meal planning

Question 12

For household food intakes what is the household member that is responsible for food purchasing etc. asked to keep

Answer 12

detailed records of food purchases, meal plans,
and actual menus for all meals

Question 13

2 types of individual dietary methods

Answer 13

food records or diaries
diet histories

Question 14

Food records or diaries

Answer 14

participants measure or estimate and record all the foods and beverages they consume over a specified period

Question 15

How long does a food record or diary usually range

Answer 15

3 to 7 days

Question 16

Strengths of food record/diary

Answer 16

doesn’t rely on memory
more accurate (still can have errors)

Question 17

Limitations of food record/diary

Answer 17

require dedicated, motivated participants
the days recorded may not reflect typical eating patterns

Question 18

Diet histories

Answer 18

involve an interview to determine an individual’s usual dietary intake over
a longer period of time

Question 19

Diet histories can include what?

Answer 19

they can include food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) or detailed
interviews about daily eating patterns

Question 20

Strengths of diet histories

Answer 20

captures usual intake
can be used for disease etiology

Question 21

Limitations of diet histories

Answer 21

the instrument should be validated through cross-sectional checks with other dietary assessment methods
relies on memory

Question 22

Epidemiologic descriptive research is the study of what?

Answer 22

the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease) in specific populations

Question 23

Focus of descriptive epidemiologic research: describing

Answer 23

patterns of disease occurrence

Question 24

Focus of descriptive epidemiologic research: investigating

Answer 24

possible associations between diseases and risk factors

Question 25

What does descriptive epidemiologic research help generate?

Answer 25

hypotheses that can be tested later using analytical methods

Question 26

Correlation studies

Answer 26

association between dietary factors and disease incidence

Question 27

Many correlation studies are _________ in nature

Answer 27

ecologic

Question 28

What does being ecologic in nature mean?

Answer 28

they compare disease rates in different geographical regions or populations with their respective dietary patterns

Question 29

Correlation studies often use what?

Answer 29

food disappearance data to estimate food consumption at the population level

Question 30

Special exposure groups

Answer 30

populations with unusual or distinct dietary patterns

Question 31

Migrant studies or secular trends are valuable _________ approaches used to explore what?

Answer 31

epidemiological the role of genetic and environmental (ecological) factors in the development of diseases, including those related to diet

Question 32

What do migrant studies focus on?

Answer 32

populations that have moved from one country or region to another

Question 33

What do migrant studies help researchers do?

Answer 33

observe how disease patterns change as populations adopt new dietary habits and lifestyles in their new environments

Question 34

What do secular trends study?

Answer 34

long-term changes in health and disease patterns within a population over time, often driven

Question 35

The long-term changes secular trends study are often driven by what?

Answer 35

shifts in lifestyle, diet, technology, and societal norms

Question 36

What can secular trends highlight

Answer 36

how dietary changes or public health interventions impact disease rates over several decades

Question 37

For case-controlled studies what do researchers typically obtain?

Answer 37

a detailed dietary history from both groups

Question 38

How do researchers obtain a detailed dietary history from both groups

Answer 38

often through interviews or food frequency questionnaires

Question 39

What do case-control studies avoid

Answer 39

some limitations of correlational studies

Question 40

Cohort studies

Answer 40

prospective studies – diet of a group of healthy individuals assessed and group followed over time for incidence of disease

Question 41

For cohort studies after the researcher analyzes diet and disease what do they analyze next

Answer 41

how dietary patterns are related to disease occurrence

Question 42

Cohort studies avoid what?

Answer 42

methodological problems of other epidemiologic studies

Question 43

Cohort studies have improved what?

Answer 43

validity of dietary assessment

Question 44

Practical limitations of cohort studies

Answer 44

may need large number for statistical power time expensive

Question 45

Cross-sectional study is a type of _________ study

Answer 45

observational

Question 46

Cross-sectional study examines what?

Answer 46

the relationship between diet and disease by measuring both exposure (e.g., dietary habits) and outcome (e.g., disease prevalence) at the same point in time

Question 47

Cross-sectional studies do not track what?

Answer 47

participants after the initial measurement

Question 48

Controlled trials

Answer 48

an experimental design where one group is given a specific intervention (such as a dietary constituent or supplement) and another group is given an inactive substance (placebo)

Question 49

Controlled trials are preferably _______ and _________

Answer 49

randomized double-blind

Question 50

Meta-analysis

Answer 50

a method that systematically combines the results of multiple studies on a specific topic to produce a single overall estimate of the effect of an intervention or exposure on health outcomes

Question 51

Only what studies are included in a meta-analysis

Answer 51

high-quality studies

Question 52

The high-quality studies in meta-analyses focus on what?

Answer 52

prospective studies or randomized controlled trials

Question 53

How do meta-analysis avoid bias

Answer 53

they must be systematic