Lecture 14

Question 1

What can group comparisons give evidence on?

Answer 1

general disease causes or treatment effectiveness

Question 2

Limitation of group comparison

Answer 2

often fail to address the specific needs of individual patients

Question 3

Single subject designs

Answer 3

research methodologies that apply experimental principles to study the effects of interventions on a single individual

Question 4

What do single subject designs allow?

Answer 4

health professionals to apply research principles to their everyday practice

Question 5

Practical benefit of single subject designs

Answer 5

helps practitioners tailor treatments based on the individual’s response, leading to personalized care

Question 6

What are single subject designs similar to

Answer 6

quasi-experimental designs

Question 7

How are single subject designs similar to quasi-experimental designs

Answer 7

they have control over the introduction of the treatment and the timing of the intervention

Question 8

3 different types of n=1 designs

Answer 8

AB
ABAB
Multiple-baseline designs

Question 9

What is the nature of study in a Single Subject Design vs. a Case Report

Answer 9

n=1: experimental (manipulates variables)
case report: descriptive (no experimental manipulation)

Question 10

What is the purpose of a Single Subject Design vs. a Case Report

Answer 10

n=1: to test cause and effect of an intervention on an individual
case report: to describe a unique or unusual case

Question 11

How is data collected in a Single Subject Design vs. a Case Report

Answer 11

n=1: repeated measurements (before, during, after)
case report: observational

Question 12

What is the causality of a Single Subject Design vs. a Case Report

Answer 12

n=1: can suggest causality
case report: cannot establish causality

Question 13

What is the design of a Single Subject Design vs. a Case Report

Answer 13

n=1: systematic, involves baseline and intervention phases
case report: narrative-based, focuses on description

Question 14

What is and example of a Single Subject Design vs. a Case Report

Answer 14

n=1: study assessing effects of diet change on blood glucose levels
case report: case report on rare side effect of a medication

Question 15

What is AB design used to assess

Answer 15

the effect of an intervention by comparing data
collected before (A phase) and after (B phase) the introduction of the treatment

Question 16

AB design is simple but useful in practice for what?

Answer 16

identifying how an intervention might affect an individual’s health outcome

Question 17

ABAB design what happens to the intervention?

Answer 17

it is withdrawn and then reintroduced

Question 18

What does ABAB design allow for?

Answer 18

a stronger control of extraneous variables

Question 19

What does ABAB design help determine?

Answer 19

whether the intervention is truly responsible for changes in the dependent variable

Question 20

What is ABAB design also known as?

Answer 20

reversal design

Question 21

2 possible threats to validity of AB designs

Answer 21

maturation
history

Question 22

What do ABAB studies have stronger control over?

Answer 22

extraneous variables

Question 23

The reintroduction of baseline condition in ABAB studies helps to do what?

Answer 23

rule out extraneous variables that could have influenced the outcome during the first intervention

Question 24

The repetition of the B phase in ABAB designs adds more what?

Answer 24

evidence to support that the treatment is effective

Question 25

In what cases are ABAB studies useful and not useful?

Answer 25

useful in cases where effects are reversible and not useful in cases where effects are irreversible

Question 26

What is the goal for interpreting results of n=1 designs

Answer 26

the goal is often to determine whether an intervention is causally related to a beneficial outcome in a specific individual

Question 27

n=1 designs are structured to do what?

Answer 27

to control for extraneous variables that could influence the outcome

Question 28

What can n=1 relationships establish?

Answer 28

causal relationships between an intervention and an outcome

Question 29

4 threats to validity of n=1 designs

Answer 29

natural variability placebo effect generalizability external validity