Lecture 12

Question 1

Health research doesn’t always rely on what?

Answer 1

experimental designs

Question 2

Why there are other alternative research designs: many patient characteristics are not what?

Answer 2

amenable to research manipulation

Question 3

Why there are other alternative research designs: ______ innappropriate to ________

Answer 3

ethically
intervene

Question 4

Why there are other alternative research designs: many human _______ and ______ are not determined by a single cause but rather by what?

Answer 4

diseases
illnesses
a number of causes interacting in a complex fashion

Question 5

3 types of naturalistic non-RCT research designs

Answer 5

surveys
naturalistic comparisons and correlational designs
quasi-experimental research designs

Question 6

Surveys

Answer 6

investigations aimed at describing accurately the characteristics of populations for specific variables

Question 7

Surveys are commonly used in health/nutrition research to establish what?

Answer 7

the attitudes, opinions, or beliefs of persons regarding
health/nutrition issues (questionnaires or interviews)

Question 8

Surveys are commonly used in health/nutrition research to study what?

Answer 8

characteristics of populations on health/nutrition variables

Question 9

Surveys are commonly used in health/nutrition research to collect what?

Answer 9

information about the demographic characteristics (age, sex, income, etc.) of populations

Question 10

Statistics obtained from surveys provide what?

Answer 10

overview of status/patterns of health, illness, and the
use of health services in a given community

Question 11

Statistics obtained from surveys may show significant what?

Answer 11

differences/interrelationships

Question 12

Statistics obtained from surveys with regards to illness = what?

Answer 12

epidemiology

Question 13

What do naturalistic comparisons and correlational studies assess

Answer 13

differences or interrelationships between
health/nutrition variables in select populations

Question 14

Case-control design

Answer 14

Selecting a group of participants or patients who have a specific disease or disability (case) and compare them with a control group

Question 15

In case-control design what are cases and controls compared to?

Answer 15

previous exposures

Question 16

Case-control design method of data collection is what?

Answer 16

retrospective

Question 17

Correlational studies

Answer 17

identify interrelationships among variables

Question 18

What do correlational studies express

Answer 18

numerically strength and direction of association
between two or more variables

Question 19

What do quasi-experimental designs asses

Answer 19

the effect of an intervention or treatment

Question 20

True or false: full randomization is feasible and ethical in quasi-experimental research

Answer 20

false - not feasible or ethical

Question 21

What do quasi-experimental research designs allow for?

Answer 21

examination of cause-and-effect relationships

Question 22

Although quasi-experimental research designs allow for the examination of cause-and-effect relationships the researcher can do what?

Answer 22

control time and place in which a treatment is
introduced or withdrawn

Question 23

Although quasi-experimental research designs allow for the examination of cause-and-effect relationships the treatment and control groups are often what?

Answer 23

made up of pre-existing
groups

Question 24

Although quasi-experimental research designs allow for the examination of cause-and-effect relationships may use what?

Answer 24

a control or comparison group

Question 25

Time-series designs

Answer 25

repeated observations before and after treatment the administration of a treatment or intervention in a single cohort

Question 26

In a time-series design if incidence declines after intervention what might this indicate

Answer 26

a causal relationship

Question 27

What problems are time-series designs prone to?

Answer 27

problems of internal validity

Question 28

Multiple group time-series designs

Answer 28

comparison of 2 or more naturally occurring groups or cohorts

Question 29

Multiple group time-series designs are prone to what?

Answer 29

internal validity threats

Question 30

Internal validity problems of naturalistic designs

Answer 30

generally less control over studied phenomena more difficult to exclude alternative explanations/hypotheses

Question 31

What do epidemiologists do to address validity issues in naturalistic designs?

Answer 31

they use evidence from multiple types of studies to evaluate and refine theories or models about the causes of human diseases

Question 32

In regards to external validity of naturalistic designs they should only generalize to what?

Answer 32

population from which the sample was drawn

Question 33

In regards to external validity of naturalistic designs as evidence __________ from more populations, __________ generalizability

Answer 33

accumulates strengthens