Lecture 11

Question 1

sensation

Answer 1

Process of sensory organs receiving and transforming environmental stimuli into electrical nervous system energy

Question 2

transduction

Answer 2

Conversion of stimulus energy into neural impulses

Question 3

perception

Answer 3

Neural processing of electrical signals to create internal mental representations of external reality

Question 4

priori strcutures

Answer 4

A priori structures are mental frameworks that exist in the mind before experience and allow us to organize and interpret sensory information.

Question 5

What does understanding space involve?

Answer 5

Knowing where things are in relation to each other in the environment.

Question 6

What are the four key concepts needed for understanding cognitive frameworks?

Answer 6

Space, time, cause and effect, and causality.

Question 7

What does understanding time involve?

Answer 7

Recognizing the order and duration of events — what happens before, during, and after.

Question 8

What is cause and effect?

Answer 8

The understanding that one event (the cause) leads to another event (the effect).

Question 9

What is causality?

Answer 9

The broader principle that all events have causes — it’s how we make sense of why things happen.

Question 10

perception is like a dilter we impose on reality we only see __________________ through our senses

Answer 10

tiny fraction

Question 11

Qualia

Answer 11

Personal, first person sesory experineces

Question 12

color is a qualia _________________

Answer 12

Its a quality of things that are entirely subjective

Question 13

Inverted Spectrum Concept

Answer 13

Hypothetical scenario where two people use identical color vocabulary
Each person experiences colors differently internally
Highlights the subjective nature of perception

Question 14

pupil

Answer 14

Light entry point – a hole in the iris

Question 15

iris

Answer 15

Colored muscle surrounding pupil

Question 16

lens

Answer 16

Focuses light on retina – a membrane at the front of the eye that focuses the light on the retina

Question 17

fovea

Answer 17

Central retinal pit with dense cone photoreceptors – small, where cone photoreceptors are densely packed, allowing for the sharpest visual acuity

Question 18

Retina

Answer 18

Surface containing photoreceptors

Question 19

Optic nerve

Answer 19

a bundle of axons that converge from the retina and transmit action potentials to the brain

Question 20

blind spot

Answer 20

An area in the middle of the visual filed where there are no photoreceptors and no information can be received

Question 21

Rods

Answer 21

photoreceptor cells
Support nighttime vision
Low-light sensitivity

Question 22

Cones

Answer 22

photoreceptor cells
Responsible for high-resolution color vision
Three primary types based on wavelength sensitivity

Question 23

Trichromatic Theory

Answer 23

A theory of color vision that states that three types of cone cells, each most sensitive to a wavelength of light, work together to produce our perception of a multicolored world

Question 24

Additive color mixing

Answer 24

process of creating new colors by combing different wavelengths of light

Question 25

S-cones

Answer 25

Blue light (~420 nm) — more sensitive to blue light

Question 26

M-Cones

Answer 26

Green light (~530 nm) — more sensitive to green light

Question 27

L-cones

Answer 27

Red light (~560 nm) — more sensitive to red light

Question 28

Opponent Process Theory

Answer 28

A theory of color perception staging that information form the cones is separated into three sets of opponent channels in the ganglion cell layer

Question 29

Color information processed through opponent channels Channels include:

Answer 29

Red-green opponency Blue-yellow opponency

Question 30

Perceptual Adaptation:

Answer 30

process by which our perception adjusts to persistent changes in sensory input.

Question 31

Perceptual Aftereffects:

Answer 31

changes in perception that occur after extended exposure to stimulus.

Question 32

Dichromacy

Answer 32

Missing one cone type Reduced color discrimination Leads to specific types of color blindness depending on which cone is absent

Question 33

Trichromacy:

Answer 33

Normal human color vision Based on three cone types: 5 (blue) M (green) and L (red) Allows full color discrimination through comparison of the three cone responses

Question 34

Monochromacy

Answer 34

Only one functioning cone type Complete color blindness

Question 35

Deuteranopia

Answer 35

Missing green cones (M cones) Your going to have trouble with the red green opponent

Question 36

Protanopia:

Answer 36

Missing red cones (L cones) Reduced sensitivity to red light; reds appear darker and confusion between red-green hues

Question 37

Tritanopia:

Answer 37

Missing blue cones (S cones) difficult distinguishing blues from greens and yellows

Question 38

Color Constancy

Answer 38

Ability to perceive object colors as stable under different lighting conditions

Question 39

Discounting the illuminant

Answer 39

Is the visual system's process of factoring the light source to estimate the actual surface colour of objects, allowing colour constancy to occur