Lecture 14

Question 1

The stroop effect

Answer 1

An incongruous stimuli dont match we experience a conflict between two levels

Question 2

Who first observed the Stroop Effect and when?

Answer 2

John Ridley Stroop in 1935.

Question 3

What happens during congruent stimuli?

Answer 3

Both levels of processing match (e.g., the word “orange” written in orange ink), so there is no conflict.

Question 4

What happens during incongruent stimuli?

Answer 4

There is a conflict between two levels of processing:

Word-reading (orthographic)

Color-naming

Question 5

Why are responses slower in the Stroop task?

Answer 5

Because we must inhibit automatic word-reading to correctly name the ink color — this causes interference.

Question 6

What kind of interference does the Stroop Effect demonstrate?

Answer 6

Cognitive interference — when automatic processing (reading words) conflicts with controlled processing (naming colors).

Question 7

Represtation

Answer 7

A symbol or thing which represents something else

Question 8

Categories functions

Answer 8

Classification
Communicate
Conserve

Question 9

Classification

Answer 9

Allows us to treat different things as the same

Question 10

Communication

Answer 10

We communicate using words that refer to more abstract ideas/concepts

Question 11

Conserve

Answer 11

Mental space

Question 12

Why would categories be useful

Answer 12

Let’s you infer rather than direct observation

Question 13

Superordinate levsl

Answer 13

A general category
— like furniture

Question 14

Preffered level (basic level)

Answer 14

What is Mainly used naturally
Like chair

Question 15

Subprdinate levrl

Answer 15

Specific category, like a brand

Question 16

Analogous problems

Answer 16

problems that have a similar structure or relationship to another problem, even if the content is different

Question 17

Controlled processing system

Answer 17

Concious explicit
Effortful, requires motivation
Slower
Often more accurate

Question 18

Automatic processing system

Answer 18

Often unconscious, implicit
Requires little effort
Faster
Can be error prone

Question 19

Heuristic

Answer 19

Process of inference by intelligebt guess work, relying on general knowledge gained bu experience

Question 20

Availability

Answer 20

We tend to make estimates/judgements based on what comes yo mind easily

Question 21

The availability heuristic

Answer 21

We tend to make inferencez and estimates based on what comes to mind easy

Question 22

The representativenezz heuristic

Answer 22

People think something is more likely if it reflects their beliefs about a situation

Question 23

Dual processing

Answer 23

Controlled processing system
Automatic processing system

Question 24

Framing effevr

Answer 24

a cognitive bias where people’s decisions are influenced by how information is presented, rather than its conten

Question 25

Choice overload

Answer 25

the psychological phenomenon where an abundance of options makes decision-making difficult, leading to feelings of confusion, anxiety, and dissatisfaction.

Question 26

Choice overload what happend

Answer 26

Shoppers with more choices are less likely to buy, more likely to taste Shoppers with less choices are more likely to buy

Question 27

Regret

Answer 27

A negative psychological state that involves blaming ourselves, feeling a loss at what might have been, or wishing we could undo a previous choice we made

Question 28

Regret what's going on

Answer 28

Actions tend to generate more regret in rhe short term Inaction tends to generate more regret in the long run

Question 29

what can the regret of actions lead to

Answer 29

could diminish over time by identificatipm of sliver linings that offset the pain they cause

Question 30

regret avoidence

Answer 30

greater regret for action than for inaction

Question 31

Status Quo Bias

Answer 31

people are more likly to choose options that are considered the defeult og satus quo over alternatives

Question 32

confirmation bias

Answer 32

rhe tendency to search for, interoretp, favor and recall information in a way that confirms ones preexisting belifs

Question 33

crystallized intelligenvce

Answer 33

accumulated knowlege over the lifetime

Question 34

fluid intelligenve

Answer 34

ablilty to solve new probelns quickly and reason abstarctly

Question 35

modern intelligence tests 3 criteria

Answer 35

standardization reliablity validity

Question 36

test retest reliablity does giving aperson the same test twice should result in very similar scpres

Answer 36

tested on the same person does not give consistent results

Question 37

split half reliablity does

Question 38

splitting the test into two parts result in similar scores between the two halves

Answer 38

the first half should relate to the second half

Question 39

predidctive validity

Answer 39

ehat real life outcomes does an intelligence test predict

Question 40

content validity

Answer 40

what relevent real life behavior does a test measure what does this have to do with real life