What is trephination?
An ancient procedure where holes were drilled into the skull to treat psychological or medical problems.
Who was Thomas Willis?
A 16th-century neuroanatomist who coined “neurology” and supported trephination for melancholy.
What major discovery in 1897 changed the view of psychological disorders?
General paresis (a psychiatric disorder) was found to be caused by syphilis.
Why was the syphilis discovery important?
It proved that psychological disorders can have medical/biological causes.
What did Freud’s talking cure emphasize?
Environmental and social factors in mental illness.
what did freud believe about emotionally charged memories
he believed that they were repressed
how were emotions around respressed memories expressed
expressed in symptoms like aggression, anxiety, depression and in physical symptoms like psychogenic pain
what was the goal of psychoanalysis
to bring unconscious conflicts and emotions into consciousness where they could be dealt with rationally
Classical psychoanalysis strategies to acess the unconscious
Free association
Resistence
Transfernece
Slips of tongue
interpretation of dreams
Free association
a method in which the paitent says anyhting that comes to mind no matter how apparently trivial, embarressing, or disagreeable
Resistnce
a patient’s self censorship or aviodance of certain topics
Transference
interpreting how the patient acted toward the therapist, considered to be a re enactment of significant relationships
Slips of tongue
mis speaking insight into true beliefs
interpretation of dreams
considered the content of dreams to be an expression of the unconscious that could be interpreted through interpreting symbols which he thought of as the language of dreams
How do contemporary psychodynamic therapies differ from Freud’s?
They are less frequent (not daily) and last months to a year, not years.
What is the main therapeutic focus of modern psychodynamic therapy?
Improving current responses to stressors to enhance functioning and reduce symptoms.
What is the overall goal of psychodynamic therapy today?
To help people understand present difficulties and improve coping, not to spend years exploring childhood alone.
What is the main assumption of Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)?
That mood is strongly tied to relationship quality and major life events.
What types of problems does IPT target?
Life transitions, complicated grief, interpersonal disputes, and interpersonal skill deficits.
What happens during the first weeks of IPT?
Collecting information, creating an “interpersonal inventory,” and choosing a therapy focus.
What do Humanistic Approaches focus on?
Self-actualization, growth, and the present and future.
What assumption do Humanistic Approaches make about humans?
All humans are oriented toward growth, meaning, and self-actualization.
How do Humanistic Approaches help patients view themselves?
As agents in their own lives who can take productive action and responsibility.
What criticism do Humanistic Approaches have of psychoanalysis?
That it is too focused on basic urges (sex & aggression) and too focused on the past.
