Psyc 100 > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is language

A

A shared system of symbols including spoken, written and signed words and gestures

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2
Q

A social act whereby we accomplish specific interpersonal goals

A

Language

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3
Q

The neurocognitive processes involved in producing and understanding linguistic symbols

A

Language

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4
Q

Features of human language

A

Symbols convey meaning

Arbitrary symbol referent relation

Structured - rule - governed

Multilayered levels of representation

Productive rules are generative

Evolutionary changes over time

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5
Q

Orthographic representation

A

Orthographic representation means how a word is written or spelled. Example TULIP

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6
Q

Phonological representation

A

Phonological representation means how a word sounds in speech.

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7
Q

Pragmatics

A

Real life use of language

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8
Q

What other areas of psychology does language fit wirh

A

Perception and sensorimotor control

Cognitive neuroscience

Social and cultural psyc

Development

Attention and decision making

Mememory

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9
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Complex thoughts, planning, movemnt

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10
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Touch and spatial awareness

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11
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing, objevt memory

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12
Q

Insular lobe

A

Taste awareness or internal organs

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13
Q

Occiptal lobe

A

Vison

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14
Q

Which type of memory supports grammatical knowledge?

A

Procedural memory

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15
Q

Which type of memory supports vocabulary knowledge?

A

Semantic memory

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16
Q

The controlled system for attention and decision making

A

Slow acting system that requires concious attention and effort

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17
Q

The automatic system for attention and decision makimg

A

Fast and effortless system allows intuitive reactions and responses

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18
Q

The psychology of language

A

Psycholimgiustics

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19
Q

Babbling

A

The production of speech sounds by infants, usually at 6-7 months old

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20
Q

When does babbling take form of repeated consonant vowel combinations

A

Around 10 months of age, babbling begins to more closely reflect the sounds of the home language

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21
Q

When does speaking single word utterances start

A

12 momths

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22
Q

When does speaking two word utterances start

A

2 years

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23
Q

When does producing sentences wirh grammatical function words start

A

3 years

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24
Q

When does speaking words similar to adults in vocabulary and grammar start

25
Overregualrzation error
Extending rules of words formation incorrectly to irregular exceptions. These errors reveal children's understanding of grammar
26
What does the process of language acquisition begin with?
Understanding and producing the phonemes of speech.
27
What research method is used to study how babies differentiate sounds?
Operant conditioning.
28
How does operant conditioning work in baby speech studies?
Babies are trained to look in a certain direction when they perceive a difference between speech sounds or words.
29
What example shows how babies learn through sound?
A baby hears sounds (like la la la) and learns that turning their head when the sound changes results in a reward or fun event (something good happens).
30
Besides operant conditioning, how can researchers measure baby speech perception?
Using changes in sucking rate, eye-tracking, or brain-based measures such as EEG.
31
When do infants recognize differences between phonemes
1-2 months
32
What can babies do in the 1st yeat
Can differentiate between the phonemes of all languages but by 12 months they only heat speech differences that are relevant to their home language
33
Before 12 months babies can
Determine when words in speech begin and end
34
How do babies begin to comprehend language?
By statistically tracking which syllables are likely to occur together.
35
What does statistical tracking help babies learn?
: It helps them develop expectations for how long words should be and where word boundaries occur.
36
What might the first speech segments babies recognize actually be?
Multiword sequences rather than individual words.
37
38
Visual analog
Visual analog means a mental image that represents something seen.
39
At what age do babies begin to know the meaning of many common nouns?
Around 6–9 months old.
40
How do 6–9 month-old babies determine what a word refers to?
By tracking a speaker’s eye gaze to find the referent of the word.
41
At what age do children use grammatical context to understand word meaning?
Around 3 years old.
42
What challenge do children face when learning words?
Figuring out what a word refers to (the referent) — e.g., “Please pick up the DAX.”
43
What are two explanations for how children acquire language so quickly?
. A language acquisition device (innate ability). 2. A strong statistical learning capacity (learning through patterns and exposure).
44
What has natural selection done to the human vocal tract?
It has shaped it to allow a greater variety of speech sounds, even though it increases the risk of choking.
45
Why are humans more likely to choke than other animals?
Because the larynx sits lower in the throat compared to non-humans.
46
What evolutionary trade-off does human speech involve?
Better speech abilities but a higher choking risk.
47
How do humans differ from animals in combining sounds?
Only humans recombine linguistic elements (phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases, sentences) to create infinite potential utterances.
48
What do humans communicate about that animals usually don’t?
Entities not immediately present in time or space (past, future, or imagined events).
49
How is human communication context-sensitive?
It is highly sensitive to contextual nuance, adjusting meaning based on social and environmental context.
50
What unique social ability do humans have in communication?
A sensitivity for and intent to alter the minds of others — called theory of mind or perspective-taking.
51
How do non-human animals differ in communication?
They show less evidence of theory of mind and communicate with more limited, fixed signals.
52
How is language developed in billboard babies
Slowly
53
Local coherence
How well you understand relationships between adjacent pairs of sentences
54
Global coherence
How well all the sentences relate to a theme
55
Fast automatic semantic activation + context makes us all
Vulnerable to misunderstanding, misinformation, and persunazion
56
Multilingualism
Can increase controlled processing demands to regulate demands to regulate cross language activation
57
Cross language words
Cross-language words are words shared or similar between different languages.
58
Aphasia
Loss of language function afyer neural insult
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