lecture 22

Question 1

what are needed to be diagnosed with schizo

Answer 1

positive symptoms and negative symptoms

you have to have at least 2 symptoms and one has to be positive

Question 2

positive symptoms

Answer 2

presnece of behaviors that are not present in healthy people

Question 3

negative symptoms

Answer 3

an absence of behviors seen in healthy people

Question 4

how many people recover from schizo

Answer 4

about 30%

but most have in chronically

Question 5

types of positive symptoms

Answer 5

delusions
grandiosity
presecution
delusions of reference
thought-broadcasting
hallucinations

Question 6

delusions

Answer 6

false beilefs rigidly maintained despite overwhleming contradictory evidence; not accepted by ones culture or subculture

Question 7

grandiosity

Answer 7

believing one has incredible powers

Question 8

presecution

Answer 8

believing one is being stalked or singled out for punishment often by the goverment

Question 9

Delusions of reference

Answer 9

receiving personal messages from neutral events like newscats, street signs ect

Question 10

Thought-broadcasting

Answer 10

thoughts are broadcast out loud

Question 11

hallucinations

Answer 11

sensory experiences such as sights and sounds that happen in the absence of any true sensory input

Question 12

types of hallucinations

Answer 12

audiory
tactile
visual
olfactory
gustatory

Question 13

auditory hallucinations

Answer 13

hallucinations in the form of voices

Question 14

visual hallucinations

Answer 14

seeing numbers or writting, people or ghostly figures

Question 15

tactile hallucinations

Answer 15

felling somones hands on your body

Question 16

olfactory hallucinations

Answer 16

smelling decay, dead bodies, rotting

Question 17

gustatory hallucinations

Answer 17

taste metalic or like poison

Question 18

What does disorganized behaviour mean in schizophrenia?

Answer 18

Unusual or inappropriate actions that are not normally seen in healthy individuals

Question 19

Forms of diaorganised behavior in schizophrenia

Answer 19

incoherent speech
public agitation
laughing childlike
inappropriate sexual behavior

Question 20

Negative symptoms schizophrenia

Answer 20

affective flattening
motor slowing and cataonic behavior
anhedonia
social withdrawal

Question 21

Affective Flattening

Answer 21

reduced outward expression of emotion, unresponsivness

Question 22

Motor slowing and catatonic behavior

Answer 22

moving slowly, moving little or sitting frozen for hours, sometimes in unusual postures

Question 23

Anhedonia

Answer 23

reduced feelings of pleasure and anticipation of pleasure

Question 24

Social withdrawal

Answer 24

the act of intentionally or unintentially avoiding social contact

Question 25

whats the biggest contributing casue of schizophrenia

Answer 25

genetics as well as enviormental factors such as prenatal complications, living enviormental factors, neurodevelopmental factors, behavior risk factors

Question 26

What is the striatum involved in?

Answer 26

Motivation, reward, habit formation, and motor control.

Question 27

What does the nucleus accumbens regulate?

Answer 27

Reward, motivation, and pleasure/euphoria.

Question 28

What is the function of the VTA (ventral tegmental area)?

Answer 28

It produces dopamine and sends dopamine signals to the nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex.

Question 29

What major functions are controlled by dopamine pathways?

Answer 29

Reward, motivation, pleasure, motor fine-tuning, compulsion, perseveration, and sustained attention.

Question 30

Dopamine is the ____________ focus of shizo

Answer 30

main focus of shizo and pyschotic symptoms

Question 31

All effectibe antipsychotics block the __________

Answer 31

D2 dopamine receptor

Question 32

Drugs that increase synaptic levels of dopamine can cause ______

Answer 32

psychotic episodes

Question 33

What is the frontal-striatal circuit involved in?

Answer 33

Motivation, reward, planning, motor control, and attention

Question 34

What neurotransmitter is central to the frontal-striatal circuits?

Answer 34

Dopamine

Question 35

What brain regions are key in the dopamine pathway shown?

Answer 35

VTA, nucleus accumbens, frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum.

Question 36

What regulates subcortical dopamine activity normally?

Answer 36

Input from the frontal cortex.

Question 37

What happens to frontal dopamine activity in schizophrenia?

Answer 37

its reduced casuing negative smyptoms

Question 38

What causes positive symptoms according to the dopamine hypothesis?

Answer 38

Excess dopamine release in subcortical areas due to reduced frontal inhibition.

Question 39

What are examples of negative symptoms linked to low frontal dopamine?

Answer 39

Apathy, low motivation, flat affect.

Question 40

What are examples of positive symptoms linked to excess subcortical dopamine?

Answer 40

Hallucinations and delusions

Question 41

What does antipsychotic medication do at dopamine synapses?

Answer 41

Blocks D2 receptors to reduce dopamine activity.

Question 42

Suicide demographic risk factors

Answer 42

Males more liekly to die rates are 2-3x higher in LGBTQ

Question 43

Suicide clinical risk factors

Answer 43

any mental disorder history of self harm or suicide attempt

Question 44

Sucidie life stress risk factors

Answer 44

relationship conflict or legal problems in the last month social isolation

Question 45

suicide social determinants

Answer 45

Unemployment in midlife foster care experience divorce firearm accessibility justice system involvement release from incarceration

Question 46

Which psychological disorders carry the highest suicide risk?

Answer 46

Major Depression Borderline Personality Disorder Bipolar Disorder Schizophrenia Alcohol/Substance Use Disorder

Question 47

Specififc phobia

Answer 47

A marked fear of anxiety about a particular object or situation

Question 48

how does a phobia imoact a person

Answer 48

May have a significant impact on a person when they develop elaborate strategies to avoid the phobic object

Question 49

Anxiety

Answer 49

a feeling of intense worry, nervousness or unease

Question 50

social anxiety disorder

Answer 50

charatcertized by extreme fear of being watched, evaluated and judged by others

Question 51

when does social anxiety typically emerge

Answer 51

in childhood or adolescence

Question 52

Panic disorder

Answer 52

An anxiety disorder characterized by the occurrence of unexpected panic attacks

Question 53

Panic attack

Answer 53

A sudden episode of uncontrollable anxiety, accompanied by laboured breathing, choking, dizziness, tingling hands and feet, sweating, trembling, heart palpitations or chest pain

Question 54

Agoraphobia

Answer 54

A fear of being in situations in which help might not be avaible or escape might be difficult or embarresing

Question 55

What is the main definition of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

Answer 55

Excessive, pervasive, difficult-to-control anxiety occurring more days than not for 6 months or more.

Question 56

What type of symptoms does GAD include?

Answer 56

Cognitive and bodily symptoms.

Question 57

What are cognitive symptoms of GAD?

Answer 57

Feelings of inadequacy or fear, difficulty concentrating, difficulty making decisions.

Question 58

What are bodily symptoms of GAD?

Answer 58

Muscle tension, fatigue, jumpiness, elevated heart rate, sweating, weakness, insomnia.

Question 59

Who is GAD more common in?

Answer 59

Women

Question 60

What are some common risk factors for anexity disorders

Answer 60

low self esteem family history childhood abuse trama

Question 61

Obsession

Answer 61

a recurrent unwanted or disturbing thought

Question 62

Compulsion

Answer 62

A ritualistic action performed to control an obsession

Question 63

OCD disgnosis recuirments

Answer 63

both obsession and compulsion must be present

Question 64

Trama and stressor-related disorders

Answer 64

Triggered by an event that involves actual or threatned death, serious injury, or sexual assault

Question 65

Trama and stress related disorders symptoms

Answer 65

dissociation intrusive thoughts arousal symptoms aviodance symptoms negatibe alterations in cognition anf mood

Question 66

Acute stress disorder

Answer 66

a trama related disorder, with the symptoms of PTSD that differs in duration

Question 67

PTSD

Answer 67

a trama related disorder that lasts a month or longer

Question 68

What are the two main symptom categories of ADHD?

Answer 68

Inattention & Hyperactivity/Impulsivity.

Question 69

Examples of inattention symptoms

Answer 69

Disorganized, loses things, distractible, misses deadlines, fails to follow instructions, daydreams, avoids sustained mental effort.

Question 70

Examples of hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms

Answer 70

Fidgeting, leaving seat, “driven by a motor,” excessive talking, interrupting, trouble waiting turns, intruding on others.