Natvism
Nativism is the idea that some traits, abilities, or knowledge are present at birth and not fully learned through experience. It suggests that humans are born with built-in structures or instincts, such as the capacity for language or basic ways of thinking.
Empiricism
Mind is a “blank slate” at birth, everything learned. Empiricism: That you are born without any knowledge and everything is acquired, we learn everything. At birth your mind is an empty state, tabula rasa
Interactionism
Interactionism is the view that behavior and development are shaped by the interaction of both biology (nature) and environment (nurture). It means neither genes nor experiences act alone—both work together to influence who we are.
Genotype
Complete genetic blueprint of an organism
Phenotype
Observable characteristics resulting from gene expression
Environmental factors can modify gene expression
Genes:
They are the basic units of hereditary and are located on chromosomes which are rod shaped structures around in the nucleus of every body cell.
DNA:
The chromosomal molecule transfers genetic characteristics by coded instructions for the structure of proteins
how many chromsomes do sperm and egg cell cotain and what whappens when fertilisition develops
Each sperm cell and each egg cell contains 23 chromosomes so when they unite and the fertilisation develops, the body cells from it contain 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.
98 percent of humans total DNA called __________ exists outside the genes. All of our genes together including non coding DNA make up the ______________
Nodcoding DNA
Human genome
Genome
The full set of genes in each cell of an organism, with the exception of sperm and egg cells, together with noncoding dna located outside the genes
Within genes are 4 bases
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine.
Genetic Markers:
A segment of DNA that varies among individuals, has a known location on a chromosome, and can function as a genetic landmark for a gene involved in a physical or mental condition.
: What is epigenetics?
The study of stable changes in gene expression that occur without changes in DNA base sequence.
What is an analogy for epigenetic changes?
They are like software telling the genome hardware to be more active or inactive.
What can epigenetic changes affect?
Behavior, learning, memory, and vulnerability to mental disorders.
Why might epigenetics explain differences in identical twins?
One twin may get a disease while the other does not, due to differences in gene expression.
What can influence epigenetic changes?
Environmental factors, including mutations.
What do mutations produce?
Variant forms of genes.
How can mutations alter DNA?
By changing one DNA base or a large part of a chromosome.
Where do mutations come from?
Some are inherited, others arise before or after birth.
When do mutations often occur?
During DNA replication in cell division.
What environmental factor can cause mutations?
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
What is the main research method used in twin studies?
Compare monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins.
Why do researchers study twins under different environments?
: To see how traits are influenced by genetics vs. environment.
