NUTR2003 LEARNING

Question 1

What is the definition of nutrition?

Answer 1

Science of nutrients and their effects on body functions, health, and disease.

Question 2

What does a balanced diet ensure?

Answer 2

Energy and nutrient adequacy without excess.

Question 3

How is energy balance calculated?

Answer 3

Intake – expenditure; deficit → weight loss, surplus → gain.

Question 4

What are the energy values for carbohydrates, protein, fat, and alcohol?

Answer 4

• Carbohydrate: 16 kJ/g
• Protein: 17 kJ/g
• Fat: 37 kJ/g
• Alcohol: 29 kJ/g

Question 5

What are the five groups recommended by the Australian Dietary Guidelines?

Answer 5

• Vegetables & Legumes
• Grains
• Protein Foods
• Dairy/Alternatives
• Fruits

Question 6

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates?

Answer 6

45–65% of energy.

Question 7

What is food security?

Answer 7

Physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food.

Question 8

What percentage of Australian households experience food insecurity?

Answer 8

~5%.

Question 9

Fill in the blank: The energy value of protein is _______.

Answer 9

17 kJ/g.

Question 10

True or False: Saturated fat intake should be limited to less than 10% of energy.

Answer 10

True.

Question 11

What is the definition of the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)?

Answer 11

The average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirements of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.

Question 12

List two examples of protein deficiency.

Answer 12

• Marasmus: overall energy deficiency → wasting
• Kwashiorkor: protein deficiency with adequate energy → oedema, fatty liver, stunted growth.

Question 13

What is the energy value of alcohol?

Answer 13

29 kJ/g.

Question 14

What are the NHMRC alcohol guidelines?

Answer 14

• ≤ 10 standard drinks per week
• ≤ 4 standard drinks per day to reduce harm.

Question 15

What does FOAD stand for?

Answer 15

Foetal Origins of Adult Disease.

Question 16

What is the recommended daily intake of folate for pregnant women?

Answer 16

400–500 µg/day.

Question 17

What are the recommended energy increases during pregnancy for each trimester?

Answer 17

• 1st trimester: No additional energy
• 2nd trimester: +1400 kJ/day
• 3rd trimester: +1900 kJ/day.

Question 18

What are the potential impacts of food insecurity?

Answer 18

• Nutrient deficiency
• Chronic disease risk
• Mental health decline.

Question 19

What is the importance of iron during pregnancy?

Answer 19

Prevention of iron deficiency anaemia, which is common in pregnant women.

Question 20

Fill in the blank: Pregnant women should avoid foods at risk of _______.

Answer 20

Listeria.

Question 21

What are the signs of readiness for introducing solids to infants?

Answer 21

• Good head control
• Sits with support
• Shows interest in food
• Loss of tongue-thrust reflex.

Question 22

What is the average breastfeeding duration in Australia according to OzFITS 2021?

Answer 22

28 weeks.

Question 23

What is the main role of lactoferrin found in breastmilk?

Answer 23

Binds iron and has antimicrobial properties.

Question 24

What are the three major nutrients of concern for toddlers?

Answer 24

• Iron
• Calcium
• Vitamin D.

Question 25

What is the recommended maximum screen time for children aged 2–5?

Answer 25

Less than 1 hour per day.

Question 26

What is the peak height velocity for girls during adolescence?

Answer 26

~11–12 years.

Question 27

What are the main causes of iron deficiency anemia in toddlers?

Answer 27

* Poor dietary intake * Growth spurts * Limited nutrient absorption.

Question 28

What should be limited in a toddler's diet to prevent iron displacement?

Answer 28

Milk intake.

Question 29

What are the dietary recommendations for adolescents regarding calcium?

Answer 29

Aim for high calcium intake to support peak bone mass.

Question 30

What is the recommended daily energy intake for adolescents?

Answer 30

Typically 8000–12,000 kJ/day.

Question 31

Discuss the rationale for mandatory folate fortification in Australia.

Answer 31

To reduce the incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs).

Question 32

What is the role of protein during adolescence?

Answer 32

Required for lean tissue synthesis at ~1.0 g/kg/day.

Question 33

What is the significance of introducing allergenic foods early in an infant's diet?

Answer 33

May reduce the risk of developing allergies.

Question 34

What is the definition of the Upper Level of Intake (UL)?

Answer 34

The maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects.

Question 35

What are the three critical micronutrients for pregnancy?

Answer 35

* Folate * Iron * Iodine.

Question 36

What are the recommended breastfeeding practices according to WHO?

Answer 36

Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, then continued with complementary foods to 12 months and beyond.

Question 37

What is the impact of high reliance on discretionary foods in complementary diets?

Answer 37

Inadequate nutrient intake.

Question 38

What are the recommendations for physical activity in young children?

Answer 38

At least 3 hours of varied physical activity daily.

Question 39

What is the most common nutritional deficiency, especially in females?

Answer 39

Iron deficiency ## Footnote Contributing factors include growth, menstruation, and poor dietary intake.

Question 40

What are the prevention strategies for iron deficiency?

Answer 40

Lean red meat, legumes, vitamin C with meals, avoid tea/coffee with iron foods

Question 41

At what age is 90% of peak bone mass typically achieved?

Answer 41

By ~18 years

Question 42

What is the risk associated with low dairy intake?

Answer 42

Long-term osteoporosis risk

Question 43

What lifestyle factors contribute to overweight and obesity?

Answer 43

Sedentary lifestyle, excess energy intake

Question 44

What influences disordered eating?

Answer 44

Media, peers, self-esteem

Question 45

What is the recommended daily physical activity for adolescents?

Answer 45

60 minutes/day moderate-to-vigorous activity

Question 46

What is a key strategy for health promotion in schools?

Answer 46

Limit energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods

Question 47

What are the AMDR percentages for carbohydrates?

Answer 47

45–65%

Question 48

What is the recommended protein intake for adults?

Answer 48

15–25%

Question 49

What is the maximum recommended intake for saturated fat?

Answer 49

<10%

Question 50

What are the health risks associated with alcohol consumption?

Answer 50

Liver disease, cancer, CVD, hypertension

Question 51

What is the Mediterranean diet primarily based on?

Answer 51

Plant-based pattern: fruit, veg, legumes, nuts, olive oil

Question 52

What is the recommended protein intake for older adults?

Answer 52

1.0–1.2 g/kg/day (↑ to 1.5 g/kg for illness, frailty)

Question 53

What is sarcopenia?

Answer 53

Progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with aging

Question 54

What are the contributing factors to osteoporosis?

Answer 54

Low Ca/Vit D, menopause, inactivity

Question 55

What is the consequence of appetite loss in older adults?

Answer 55

Weight loss, immune impairment, frailty

Question 56

What are common signs of dehydration in older adults?

Answer 56

Confusion, constipation, UTI, dry mouth, low BP

Question 57

What is food affordability?

Answer 57

The ability to purchase a nutritionally adequate and culturally acceptable diet given income

Question 58

What percentage more can healthy diets cost compared to average diets high in discretionary foods?

Answer 58

~15–20%

Question 59

What is the social gradient of health?

Answer 59

Health outcomes worsen with decreasing socioeconomic position

Question 60

What are strategies to improve food affordability?

Answer 60

* Encourage meal planning and budgeting * Promote home cooking and batch preparation * Support community gardens and local food co-ops * Increase subsidies for fresh produce and tax discretionary foods