What is the definition of nutrition?
Nutrition = science of nutrients and their effects on body functions, health, and disease.
What does a balanced diet ensure?
A balanced diet ensures energy and nutrient adequacy without excess.
What is the formula for energy balance?
Energy (kJ) balance = intake – expenditure; deficit → weight loss, surplus → gain.
What are the energy values of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and alcohol?
Energy values:
* Carbohydrate 16 kJ/g
* Protein 17 kJ/g
* Fat 37 kJ/g
* Alcohol 29 kJ/g.
What are the five Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADGs)?
- Achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active.
- Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five groups every day.
- Limit intake of sat fat, added salt, added sugar, and alcohol.
- Encourage support and promote breastfeeding.
- Care for food safely to reduce foodborne illness.
What is the composition of the AGHE (Plate Model)?
Vegetables & Legumes ~30%, Grains ~30%, Protein Foods ~25%, Dairy/Alt ~10%, Fruits ~5%.
What are the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) for carbohydrates, protein, and fat?
AMDR (% Energy):
* Carbohydrates 45–65%
* Protein 15–25%
* Fat 20–35%
* Saturated Fat <10% E
* Added Sugar <10% E
* Trans Fat <1% E.
What is the hierarchy of Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs)?
EAR → RDI → UL → SDT (optional for chronic disease reduction).
What is the definition of food security in Australia?
Food Security: Physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food.
What is food insecurity?
Food Insecurity: Limited access due to financial, geographical or social barriers.
What percentage of Australian households experience food insecurity?
~5% of Aussie households (>1 million people) experience food insecurity.
What are the causes of food insecurity in Australia?
- Low income
- High food prices
- Unemployment
- Housing instability
- Poor transport access.
What are the impacts of food insecurity?
- Nutrient deficiency
- Chronic disease risk
- Mental health decline.
What should be compared in Nutrition Information Panels (NIPs)?
Per serve vs Per 100 g comparison.
What key nutritional information is included in NIPs?
- Energy (kJ)
- Protein
- Fat (total/saturated)
- Carbohydrates (total/sugars)
- Sodium.
What are the ‘low’ claims guide values for fat, saturated fat, sodium, and sugar?
- Fat <3 g/100 g
- Saturated fat <1.5 g/100 g
- Sodium <120 mg/100 g
- Sugar <5 g/100 g.
What is Marasmus?
Marasmus: overall energy deficiency → wasting.
What is Kwashiorkor?
Kwashiorkor: protein deficiency with adequate energy → oedema, fatty liver, stunted growth.
What is the energy value of alcohol and its nutritional benefits?
Energy value 29 kJ/g; no nutritional benefit.
What are the health effects associated with alcohol consumption?
- Liver disease
- Cancer
- CVD risk
- Nutrient malabsorption.
What are the NHMRC alcohol guidelines?
≤ 10 standard drinks / week, ≤ 4 / day to reduce harm.
Define a ‘serve’ using AGHE examples.
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What are the five ADGs and what is their purpose?
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Recall AMDR ranges and energy values of macronutrients.
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