NUTR2003 > WK 2 > Flashcards

WK 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

Micronutrients are required in small amounts but are essential for metabolic and physiological processes.

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2
Q

What do micronutrients include?

A

Micronutrients include vitamins (organic) and minerals (inorganic).

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3
Q

What can deficiencies or excesses of micronutrients lead to?

A

Deficiencies or excesses lead to disease and impaired function.

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4
Q

What is a consequence of iron overload?

A

Iron overload can lead to haemochromatosis and liver damage.

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5
Q

What are the effects of excess Vitamin A (retinol)?

A

Excess Vitamin A can lead to teratogenicity and liver toxicity.

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6
Q

What health issue is associated with sodium excess?

A

Sodium excess is associated with hypertension.

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7
Q

What should be avoided without medical advice regarding supplements?

A

Avoid exceeding the upper limit (UL) without medical advice.

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8
Q

Define EAR.

A

EAR stands for Estimated Average Requirement.

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9
Q

Define RDI.

A

RDI stands for Recommended Dietary Intake.

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10
Q

Define AI.

A

AI stands for Adequate Intake.

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11
Q

Define UL.

A

UL stands for Tolerable Upper Intake Level.

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12
Q

Define SDT.

A

SDT stands for Suggested Dietary Target.

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13
Q

List 3 fat-soluble vitamins.

A
  • Vitamin A
  • Vitamin D
  • Vitamin E
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14
Q

List 3 water-soluble vitamins.

A
  • Vitamin C
  • Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
  • Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
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15
Q

Identify one deficiency example for a vitamin.

A

Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets.

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16
Q

Identify one toxicity example for a vitamin.

A

Vitamin A toxicity can lead to liver damage.

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17
Q

Identify one deficiency example for a mineral.

A

Iron deficiency can lead to anemia.

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18
Q

Identify one toxicity example for a mineral.

A

Excessive calcium can lead to kidney stones.

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19
Q

What is the RDI for iron in adult females?

A

The RDI for iron in adult females is 18 mg.

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20
Q

What is the RDI for calcium in adult females?

A

The RDI for calcium in adult females is 1000 mg.

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21
Q

Why are sodium and potassium monitored in CVD prevention?

A

Sodium and potassium are monitored to manage blood pressure and cardiovascular health.

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22
Q

What is the rationale for mandatory folate fortification in Australia?

A

Mandatory folate fortification aims to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects.

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23
Q

What is the primary function of Vitamin A?

A

Vision, immunity

Vitamin A is essential for maintaining healthy vision and supporting immune function.

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24
Q

Which food sources are rich in Vitamin A?

A

Liver, dairy, orange vegetables

These sources provide the necessary nutrients to support Vitamin A levels in the body.

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25
What deficiency is associated with a lack of Vitamin A?
Night blindness ## Footnote Night blindness is a condition that affects the ability to see in low light or darkness.
26
What is a potential toxicity effect of excessive Vitamin A?
Teratogenic ## Footnote High levels of Vitamin A during pregnancy can lead to birth defects.
27
What is the primary function of Vitamin D?
Calcium and phosphorus absorption ## Footnote Vitamin D is crucial for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, which are vital for bone health.
28
Which food sources provide Vitamin D?
Sunlight, fish ## Footnote Sunlight is a natural source, while fatty fish are also rich in Vitamin D.
29
What deficiency can result from insufficient Vitamin D?
Rickets, osteomalacia ## Footnote Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults are conditions resulting from weakened bones due to Vitamin D deficiency.
30
What is a potential toxicity effect of excess Vitamin D?
Hypercalcaemia ## Footnote Hypercalcaemia refers to elevated calcium levels in the blood, which can cause various health issues.
31
What is the primary function of Vitamin E?
Antioxidant ## Footnote Vitamin E protects cells from oxidative damage by acting as an antioxidant.
32
What are the main dietary sources of Vitamin E?
Oils, nuts ## Footnote These foods are high in Vitamin E and support overall health.
33
What deficiency is associated with a lack of Vitamin E?
Haemolytic anaemia ## Footnote This condition results from the destruction of red blood cells due to oxidative stress.
34
What is a potential toxicity effect of excessive Vitamin E?
Decreased Vitamin K action ## Footnote High doses of Vitamin E can interfere with Vitamin K's role in blood clotting.
35
What is the primary function of Vitamin K?
Clotting ## Footnote Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of proteins required for blood coagulation.
36
Which food sources are rich in Vitamin K?
Leafy greens ## Footnote Foods like spinach and kale provide significant amounts of Vitamin K.
37
What deficiency can result from a lack of Vitamin K?
Haemorrhage ## Footnote Insufficient Vitamin K can lead to excessive bleeding due to impaired clotting.
38
What is the primary function of Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)?
Energy metabolism ## Footnote Thiamin plays a key role in converting carbohydrates into energy.
39
What are the main sources of Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)?
Whole grains ## Footnote Whole grains are an excellent source of Thiamin.
40
What deficiency is associated with a lack of Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)?
Beriberi ## Footnote Beriberi is a disease caused by thiamine deficiency, affecting the cardiovascular and nervous systems.
41
What effect does alcohol have on Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) absorption?
Decreases absorption ## Footnote Alcohol can impair the absorption of Thiamin in the gastrointestinal tract.
42
What is the primary function of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)?
Coenzymes FAD/FMN ## Footnote Riboflavin is essential for the production of coenzymes that play a crucial role in energy production.
43
What food sources are high in Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)?
Milk ## Footnote Dairy products are a significant source of Riboflavin.
44
What deficiency is associated with a lack of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)?
Ariboflavinosis ## Footnote This condition is characterized by sore throat, redness and swelling of the lining of the mouth and cracks on the outsides of the lips.
45
What is a characteristic of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) toxicity?
Light-sensitive ## Footnote Riboflavin is sensitive to light and can degrade when exposed.
46
What is the primary function of Vitamin B3 (Niacin)?
NAD/NADP production ## Footnote Niacin is vital for the formation of coenzymes necessary for metabolic processes.
47
What are the main dietary sources of Vitamin B3 (Niacin)?
Meat, grains ## Footnote These food groups provide a good source of Niacin.
48
What deficiency can result from insufficient Vitamin B3 (Niacin)?
Pellagra ## Footnote Pellagra is characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia.
49
What is an alternative source of Niacin in the body?
From tryptophan ## Footnote The body can synthesize Niacin from the amino acid tryptophan.
50
What is the primary function of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)?
Amino acid metabolism ## Footnote Pyridoxine is crucial for the metabolism of amino acids and the synthesis of neurotransmitters.
51
What are the main sources of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)?
Meat, banana ## Footnote These foods are rich in Pyridoxine.
52
What deficiency is associated with a lack of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)?
Dermatitis, convulsions ## Footnote Insufficient Vitamin B6 can lead to skin conditions and neurological issues.
53
What is a potential toxicity effect of excessive Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)?
Toxic neuropathy >200 mg ## Footnote High doses can lead to nerve damage.
54
What is the primary function of Vitamin B9 (Folate)?
DNA synthesis ## Footnote Folate is essential for DNA replication and repair.
55
What food sources are high in Vitamin B9 (Folate)?
Greens, legumes ## Footnote Leafy greens and legumes are excellent sources of Folate.
56
What deficiency can result from insufficient Folate?
Megaloblastic anaemia ## Footnote This condition is characterized by the production of abnormally large red blood cells.
57
What can destroy Folate during cooking?
Heat ## Footnote Folate is sensitive to heat and can be easily destroyed when cooking.
58
What is the primary function of Vitamin B12?
Red blood cells, nerves ## Footnote Vitamin B12 is crucial for the formation of red blood cells and the maintenance of nerve cells.
59
What are the primary sources of Vitamin B12?
Animal foods ## Footnote B12 is primarily found in animal-derived foods.
60
What deficiency is associated with a lack of Vitamin B12?
Pernicious anaemia ## Footnote This condition occurs due to the inability to absorb B12, leading to anemia.
61
What does Vitamin B12 require for absorption?
Intrinsic Factor (IF) ## Footnote Intrinsic Factor is a protein necessary for the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the intestines.
62
What is the primary function of Vitamin C?
Collagen synthesis, immune function ## Footnote Vitamin C is essential for the production of collagen and supports the immune system.
63
What are the main dietary sources of Vitamin C?
Citrus fruits ## Footnote Citrus fruits like oranges and lemons are rich in Vitamin C.
64
What deficiency can result from insufficient Vitamin C?
Scurvy ## Footnote Scurvy is characterized by weakness, anemia, and skin problems due to collagen deficiency.
65
What effect does Vitamin C have on iron absorption?
Increases iron absorption ## Footnote Vitamin C enhances the body's ability to absorb non-heme iron from plant sources.
66
What is the primary function of Calcium (Ca)?
Bone, nerve, muscle function ## Footnote Calcium is vital for maintaining strong bones and supporting nerve and muscle function.
67
What are the main sources of Calcium (Ca)?
Dairy ## Footnote Dairy products are one of the richest sources of Calcium.
68
What deficiency can result from insufficient Calcium (Ca)?
Osteoporosis ## Footnote Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones.
69
What is a potential toxicity effect of excessive Calcium (Ca)?
Kidney stones ## Footnote High levels of Calcium can lead to the formation of kidney stones.
70
What is the primary function of Iron (Fe)?
Oxygen transport ## Footnote Iron is essential for transporting oxygen in the blood.
71
What are the main dietary sources of Iron (Fe)?
Red meat ## Footnote Red meat is a significant source of heme iron, which is more easily absorbed by the body.
72
What deficiency can result from a lack of Iron (Fe)?
Anaemia ## Footnote Iron deficiency anemia occurs when the body lacks enough iron to produce hemoglobin.
73
What is a potential toxicity effect of excessive Iron (Fe)?
Gastrointestinal distress ## Footnote High doses of Iron can cause nausea and other gastrointestinal issues.
74
What is the primary function of Zinc (Zn)?
Growth, immunity ## Footnote Zinc is vital for growth and the proper functioning of the immune system.
75
What are the main sources of Zinc (Zn)?
Meat ## Footnote Meat is one of the best dietary sources of Zinc.
76
What deficiency can result from insufficient Zinc (Zn)?
Poor growth ## Footnote Zinc deficiency can lead to stunted growth and developmental issues.
77
What is a potential toxicity effect of excessive Zinc (Zn)?
Decreased Copper absorption ## Footnote High Zinc levels can interfere with the absorption of Copper.
78
What is the primary function of Iodine (I)?
Thyroid hormone production ## Footnote Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism.
79
What are the main sources of Iodine (I)?
Iodised salt ## Footnote Iodised salt is a common dietary source of Iodine.
80
What deficiency can result from insufficient Iodine (I)?
Goitre ## Footnote Goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland due to insufficient Iodine.
81
What are potential toxicity effects of excessive Iodine (I)?
Hyper/hypothyroidism ## Footnote Excessive Iodine can lead to both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
82
What is the primary function of Sodium (Na)?
Fluid balance ## Footnote Sodium is crucial for maintaining fluid balance in the body.
83
What are the main sources of Sodium (Na)?
Processed foods ## Footnote Processed foods often contain high levels of Sodium.
84
What deficiency is associated with Sodium (Na)?
Rare ## Footnote Sodium deficiency is uncommon due to its prevalence in the diet.
85
What is a potential toxicity effect of excessive Sodium (Na)?
Hypertension ## Footnote High Sodium intake is linked to elevated blood pressure.
86
What is the primary function of Potassium (K)?
Fluid balance ## Footnote Potassium is important for maintaining fluid balance and proper muscle function.
87
What are the main sources of Potassium (K)?
Fruits and vegetables ## Footnote Fruits and vegetables are rich in Potassium.
88
What deficiency can result from insufficient Potassium (K)?
Weakness ## Footnote Low Potassium levels can lead to muscle weakness and cramps.
89
What is a potential toxicity effect of excessive Potassium (K)?
Hyperkalaemia ## Footnote High Potassium levels can lead to serious heart problems.
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