Term 2

Question 1

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF):

Answer 1

A chronic condition where the heart fails to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s needs, resulting in fluid accumulation in tissues (edema) or body cavities (effusions).

Question 2

Preload

Answer 2

amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (filling phase). Increased
preload stretches the myocardium and affects contractility.

Question 3

Afterload

Answer 3

The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood during systole (contraction
phase).

Question 4

Myocardial Contractility (Inotropism)

Answer 4

The heart muscle’s ability to contract and generate force. Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Question 5

Systolic Dysfunction

Answer 5

Impaired heart contraction, leading to reduced cardiac output.

Question 6

Diastolic Dysfunction:

Answer 6

Impaired heart relaxation during diastole, reducing ventricular filling. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Question 7

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM):

Answer 7

the heart’s chambers (primarily the
ventricles) enlarge, and the myocardial walls become thin and weak, reducing the heart’s
ability to pump blood effectively.

Question 8

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM):

Answer 8

thickening (hypertrophy) of the heart muscle, particularly the left ventricle, which impairs the heart’s ability to relax and fill appropriately during diastole.

Question 9

Cardiac Output (CO):

Answer 9

blood volume the heart pumps per minute. CO = Stroke Volume ×
Heart Rate.

Question 10

Hypertrophy:

Answer 10

Thickening of the heart muscle as a compensatory response to increased
workload.

Question 11

Backward Failure:

Answer 11

inability of the heart to adequately empty during systole, leading to
venous congestion and fluid accumulation (e.g., pulmonary edema, ascites).

Question 12

Forward Failure

Answer 12

Inadequate blood supply to tissues due to reduced cardiac output, leading to
poor perfusion (e.g., hypotension, weakness).

Question 13

Pulmonary Edema

Answer 13

Fluid accumulation within the lungs, typically due to left-sided heart
failure.

Question 14

Ascites

Answer 14

Fluid accumulation within the abdominal cavity, often associated with right-sided
heart failure.

Question 15

Pleural Effusion:

Answer 15

Fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity (space surrounding the lungs).
Seen in: Cats with CHF.

Question 16

. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Answer 16

A hormonal system activated in response
to decreased cardiac output, leading to fluid retention and vasoconstriction.

Question 17

. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) Activation:

Answer 17

The body’s response to decreased cardiac
output, increasing heart rate, and contractility.

Question 18

Edema:

Answer 18

Fluid accumulation in tissues, typically in the lungs (pulmonary edema) or extremities
(peripheral edema).

Question 19

Valve Regurgitation

Answer 19

Incompetence of heart valves leading to backward blood flow

Question 20

Endocardiosis:

Answer 20

A degenerative condition of heart valves, especially the mitral valve, leading
to regurgitation and CHF

Question 21

Ventricular Remodeling:

Answer 21

Structural changes in the heart in response to chronic stress, including dilation or hypertrophy.

Question 22

Cardiogenic Shock:

Answer 22

A severe form of heart failure with a critical reduction in cardiac output,
leading to inadequate perfusion of vital organs.

Question 23

Furosemide

Answer 23

A diuretic used to manage pulmonary edema by reducing fluid overload.

Question 24

Pimobendan

Answer 24

An inodilator (positive inotrope and vasodilator) that improves heart contractility
and reduces afterload.

Question 25

Beta-Blockers:

Answer 25

Medications that reduce sympathetic nervous system activation and heart rate.

Question 26

ACE Inhibitors (e.g., Enalapril, Benazepril):

Answer 26

Drugs that block RAAS activation, reducing vasoconstriction and fluid retention in CHF patients.

Question 27

Tachypnea

Answer 27

Abnormally rapid breathing, often seen in animals with CHF and pulmonary edema.

Question 28

Syncope

Answer 28

Temporary loss of consciousness due to reduced cerebral perfusion