Unit 1: Pharm: Chapter 50

Question 1

3 Regions of the Kidneys

Answer 1

1. Outer cortex
2. Inner medulla
3. Renal pelvis: drain urine into the ureters

Question 2

Kidney Location

Answer 2

Put IgE the peritoneal cavity int he posterior upper abd at the level between the 12th T and 3rd L vertebrae.

Question 3

Protective Layer of the Kidney

Answer 3

1. Renal Capsule: fibrous layer
2. Fatty connective tissue
   Capsule contains pain fibers which a re stimulated if the capsule is stretched secondary to an inflammatory process

Question 4

Nephron

Answer 4

Function unit of the kidneys
2 million in a young adult
Unable to make new nephrons and the number decreases after the age of 40
Filter fluid and make urine

Question 5

2 Types of Nephrons

Answer 5

1. Cortical: in the cortex of the kindest
2. Juxtameduallry that have lounger loops of henle extend deep into the renal medulla
   Both filter fluid and make urine but the jux nephrons can concentrate or dilute urine

Question 6

Nephron Structure

Answer 6

A tube that begins at bowman’s capsule and becomes the proximal and then distal convoluted tubules. From here narrows to form the descending and ascending loop of henle.
Widens as the distal convoluted tubules and then flowers into the collecting ducts which meet at the renal pelvis.

Question 7

Blood Supply to the Nephron

Answer 7

Unique
Renal arteries come directly off the aorta and enter each kidney at a deep medial fissure called the hilus as segmental arteries. These then divide into lobular and then interloabar arteries.
Become smaller Arcuate arteries then afferent arterioles.

Question 8

Afferent Arterioles of the Nephron

Answer 8

Branch to form the glomerulus side the bowman’s capsule.
The Glomerulus function to prove a size dependent diffusion barrier in which small molecules re able to be filtered in but large priests and blood cells are not

Question 9

Efferent Arterioles of the Nephron

Answer 9

Exits the glomerulus and branches into the peritubular capilarry systems which contains concentrated blood and returns fluid and lytes that have been reabsorbed from the tubules to the blood stream

Question 10

Tubular Secretion

Answer 10

Epiitheali cells that line the renal tubule can secrete substances from the blood into the tubular fluid
Energy using process that allows active transport systems to remove electrolytes, drugs and uric acid fromt he surround capillaries and secrete them into the filtrate

Question 11

Nephron Function

Answer 11

3 basic processes
1. Glomerular filtration: passage of fluid and small components of blood
2. Tubular secretion: movement os substance from the blood into the renal tubule
3. Tubular reabsorption: movement of substances from the renal tubule back into vascualr system

Question 12

Kidneys Maintenance of Volume and Compostion of Body Fluids

Answer 12

Regulate composition of bloody fluids under the influence of hormones or various hormones by balancing the levels of them key electrolytes secreting or absorbing these electrolytes to maintain the desired levels. The volume of body fluids is controlled by diluting or concentrating the urine.

Question 13

Sodium Regulation

Answer 13

Major cations (positively charged ions). It filters through the glomerulus and enters the renal tubule; then, it is actively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule to the peritubular capillaries.
As it moves out of filtrate it takes Cl ion and water with it by passive transport

Question 14

ADH

Answer 14

Produced by the hypothalamus
Stored in the posterior pituitary gland
Maintains fluid balanced
Release when BP falls, sympathetic stimulation or rising sodium levels
If present ion distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct permeability increases

Question 15

Potassium Regulation

Answer 15

Cation that is vital to proper functioning of the nervous system, muscles, and cell membranes.
65 % is filtered at the glomerulus, reabsorbed at bowman’s capsule and proximal convoluted tubule.
25-30% reabsorbed at ascending loop of henle.
Fine tuning occurs at distal convoluted tubule where aldosterone activate NaK pump

Question 16

Calcium Regulation

Answer 16

Cation, regulated by kidneys
Important in muslce fucntion, blood clotting, bone formation, contraction of cell membranes and muscle movements
Absorbed from the GI tract, regualted by vitamin D.
Activated by the kidneys so it can be absorbed
Levels are maintained by PTH and calcitonin

Question 17

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Answer 17

Mechanism that equip the nephrons with a constant supply of blood to ensure they are perfused.
When blood flow is reduced, renin is released from the juxtaglomerular cells, absorbed into the capillary system and enters circulation.
Renin activates angoteninogen I, then converted to II. Then converted to III in adreanl galnd to stimulate aldosterone which retains sodium and water in convoluted tubules.
Brains sense this increase in Na and releases ADh increasing blood volume to kidneys.

Question 18

Renin

Answer 18

Released by juxtaglomerular cells when blood flow or O2 to nephrons is decreased.
Activated angiotensinogen.

Question 19

Natriuretic Hormone

Answer 19

Caused a decrease in sodium reabsorption from the distal tubules with a resultant diluted urine or increased volume.
Released in response to fluid overload or hemodilution.

Question 20

Acid Base Balance

Answer 20

The kidneys return bicarbonate to the body’s circulation; the bicarbonate is stored in the renal tubule as the body’s alkaline reserve for use when the body becomes too acidic and a buffer is needed, helping to maintain the body’s acid–base balance.

Question 21

Distal Convoluted Tubule and K+

Answer 21

Fine tunes potassium as aldosterone activated NaK pump exchange, leading to K+.