Unit 4: Chapter 46

Question 1

STI Infections

Answer 1

selectively infect the mucocutaneous tissues of the external genitalia, cause vaginitis in women, or produce both genitourinary and systemic effects.
Some STIs may be transmitted by an infected mother to the fetus, causing congenital defects or death of the child or the newborn

Question 2

Condylomata Acuminata (genitals warts)

Answer 2

or genital warts, are caused by the HPV
Most common STI

Genital warts typically present as soft, raised, fleshy lesions on the external genitalia, including the penis, vulva, scrotum, perineum, and perianal skin.
External warts may appear as small bumps, or they may be flat, rough surfaced, or pedunculated.

Question 3

Genitals Herpes

Answer 3

one of the most common causes of genital ulcers.

are large, encapsulated viruses with a double-stranded genome.

Question 4

Genital Herpes Pathogenesis

Answer 4

HSV-1 and HSV-2 are genetically similar.
Both cause a similar set of primary and recurrent infections, and both can cause genital lesions.
These viruses replicate in the skin and mucous membranes at the site of infection (oropharynx or genitalia), where they cause vesicular lesions of the epidermis and infect the neurons that innervate the area.
HSV-1 and HSV-2 are neurotropic viruses, meaning that they grow in neurons and share the biologic property of latency.

Question 5

Genital Heroes Transmission

Answer 5

HSV is transmitted by contact with infectious lesions or secretions.
HSV-1 is transmitted by oral secretions and infections frequently occur in childhood.
HSV-1 may be spread to the genital area by autoinoculation after poor handwashing or through oral–genital contact.
HSV-2 is usually transmitted by sexual contact but can be passed on to an infant during childbirth if the virus is actively being shed from the genital tract.

Question 6

Genital Herpes Manifestations

Answer 6

manifest as a first-episode or recurrent infection.
first episode is the most painful with an obvious lesion but can be asymptomatic.
Recurrent infections refer to the second or subsequent outbreak because of the same virus type.
First-episode infections have more numerous and scattered vesicles and more systemic manifestations.
Viral shedding lasts longer with first-episode infections (10 to 15 days) and new lesions continue to form for about 10 days after the initial infection.

Question 7

Genital Herpes S&S

Answer 7

initial symptoms of primary genital herpes infections include tingling, itching, and pain in the genital area, followed by eruption of small pustules and vesicles.
lesions rupture on approximately the 5th day to form wet ulcers that are excruciatingly painful to touch and can be associated with dysuria, dyspareunia, and urine retention.

Question 8

Molluscum Contagiosum

Answer 8

is a common poxvirus that gives rise to multiple umbilicated papules.
The infection is mildly contagious. It is transmitted by skin-to-skin contact, fomites, and autoinoculation.
Lesions are domelike and have a dimpled appearance. A curdlike material can be expressed from the center of the lesion

Question 9

Molluscum Contagiosum Treatment

Answer 9

consists of removing the top of the papule with a sterile needle or scalpel, expressing the contents of each lesion, and applying alcohol or silver nitrate to the base.
Electrodesiccation, cryosurgery, laser ablation, and surgical biopsy are alternative treatments, but seldom are needed unless lesions are large or extend over a wide area.
Imiquimod 1% cream to lesion for immunosuppressed people

Question 10

Vaginal Infections

Answer 10

Candidiasis, trichomoniasis, and bacterial vaginosis are vaginal infections that may be associated with sexual activity.
Trichomoniasis is the only form of vaginitis that is known to be sexually transmitted and requires partner treatment. The male partner is usually asymptomatic.

Question 11

Candidiasis

Answer 11

Or yeast infection, thrush, and moniliasis
Candida albican most commonly organism for infection.

The person with vulvovaginal candidiasis will have redness, swelling, and painful urination. Discharge will be thick and white because of yeast overgrowth and will be odorless.

Question 12

Candidiasis Etiology

Answer 12

overgrowth of C. albicans include recent antibiotic therapy, which suppresses the normal protective bacterial flora; high hormone levels owing to pregnancy or the use of oral contraceptives, which cause an increase in vaginal glycogen stores; and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or HIV infection, because they compromise the immune system

Question 13

Candidiasis Treatment

Answer 13

Antifungal agents such as clotrimazole, miconazole, butoconazole, and terconazole, in various forms, are effective

Question 14

Trichomoniasis

Answer 14

commonly associated with other STIs and are therefore a marker for high-risk sexual behavior.
An anaerobic protozoan that can be transmitted sexually, T. vaginalis is shaped like a turnip and has three or four anterior flagella can reside in the paraurethral glands of both sexes.

Question 15

Trichomoniasis Complciations

Answer 15

is a risk factor for HIV transmission and infectivity in both men and women.
Women, increases the risk of tubal infertility and atypical pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and it is associated with adverse outcomes such as premature birth in pregnant women.
Attach easily to mucous membranes, serve as vectors for the spread of other organisms, carrying pathogens attached to their surface into the fallopian tubes.
In men, it is a common cause of nongonococcal urethritis and is a risk factor for infertility.

Question 16

Trichomoniasis Treatment

Answer 16

oral metronidazole or tinidazole, medications that are effective against anaerobic protozoans.
Sexual partners should be treated to avoid reinfection, and abstinence is recommended until the full course of therapy is completed.

Question 17

Vaginal-Urogential

Answer 17

Some STIs infect male and female genital and extragenital structures.
infections of this type are chlamydial infections, gonorrhea, and syphilis.
Pose a risk to infants born to infected mothers. Some infections, such as syphilis, may be spread to the infant while in utero, whereas others, such as chlamydial and gonorrheal infections, can be spread to the infant during the birth process.

Question 18

Reuter Syndrome

Answer 18

Most serous complication of untreated clamydial infection

triad of symptoms includes urethritis, conjunctivitis, and arthritis of weight-bearing joints, such as the knee, sacroiliac, and vertebral joints.
Women can also develop reactive arthritis, but the male-to-female ratio for this complication is 5:1.

Question 19

Diagnosis of Clamydia

Answer 19

The identification of polymorphonuclear leukocytes on Gram stain of penile discharge in the man or cervical discharge in the woman provides presumptive evidence.
The direct fluorescent antibody test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that use antibodies against an antigen in the Chlamydia cell wall are rapid tests that are highly sensitive and specific.

Question 20

Gonorrhea

Answer 20

STI caused by bacterium N.

he gonococcus is a pyogenic (i.e., pus-forming), gram-negative diplococcus.
Humans are the only natural host for N. gonorrhoeae.
The organism grows best in warm, mucus-secreting epithelia.
The portal of entry can be the genitourinary tract, eyes, oropharynx, anorectum, or skin.
Transmission is usually by sexual intercourse except for perinatal transmission.

Question 21

Gonorrhea Manifestations

Answer 21

asymptomatic spread the disease to their sexual partners.
men, the initial symptoms include urethral pain and a creamy yellow, sometimes bloody, discharge . Can become chronic and affect the prostate, epididymis, and periurethral glands.
Rectal infections are common in homosexual men.
women, include unusual genital or urinary discharge, dysuria, dyspareunia, pelvic pain or tenderness, unusual vaginal bleeding (including bleeding after intercourse), fever, and proctitis. Symptoms may occur or increase during or immediately after menses because the bacterium is an intracellular diplococcus that thrives in menstrual blood but cannot survive long outside the human body.

Question 22

Gonorrhea Treatment

Answer 22

ceftriaxone (an injectable cephalosporin) and azithromycin is now the only CDC-recommended treatment regimen for gonorrhea.

Question 23

Zika

Answer 23

virus that was discovered in 1947 in the Zika Forest of Uganda and was initially spread by the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito (The first human cases of Zika were detected in 1952.
Zika infection can occur:
From a bite from this species of mosquito.
From exposure to an infected sexual partner, including sex (oral, vaginal, or anal sex, or the sharing of sex toys) without a condom.
From mother to fetus

Question 24

Zika Manifestations

Answer 24

Zika virus show few symptoms.
Symptoms reported have included fever, rash, joint pain, conjunctivitis, muscle pain, and headache.
infection symptoms can last for several days to a week.

Question 25

Zika Prevention

Answer 25

There is no vaccine or treatment insect repellent containing one or more of the following ingredients: N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide, picaridin, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus, para-menthane-diol, or 2-undecanone. Use screen and bed netting and condoms