Unit 5: Pharm: Chapter 29

Question 1

Sympathetic Nervous System Response

Answer 1

Prepares body to respond to stress (fight or flight).
ACH is released.

When stimulated, the SNS works in conjunction with the endocrine system to prepare the body respond to an acute stressor
Cardiovascular activity increases: blood pressure, heart rate, and blood flow to the skeletal muscles.
Respiratory efficiency also increases; bronchi dilate to and the respiratory rate increases.
Pupils dilate to permit more light to enter the eye to improve vision in darkened areas.
Sweating increases to dissipate heat generated by the increased metabolic activity.
Increased sympathetic stimulation to glands will often facilitate more concentrated and less copious secretions.

Question 2

ANS

Answer 2

Is divided into two branches: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
These two branches differ in three basic ways: (a) the location of the originating cells in the CNS, (b) the location of the nerve ganglia, and (c) the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

Question 3

Parasympathetic Nervous System Response

Answer 3

activities are aimed at increasing digestion, absorption of nutrients, and building of essential proteins, as well as a general conservation of energy.
•Increased motility and secretions in the GI tract to promote digestion and absorption of nutrients
•Decreased heart rate and contractility to conserve energy and provide rest for the heart
•Constriction of the bronchi, with increased secretions
•Relaxation of the GI and urinary bladder sphincters, allowing evacuation of waste products
•Pupillary constriction, which decreases the light entering the eye and decreases stimulation of the retina

Question 4

Acute Stress Response

Answer 4

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are the primary neurotransmitters that illicit the acute stress response. Aldosterone is secreted during the acute stress response and retains sodium and water; it causes the excretion of potassium in the urine.
Cortisol, a corticosteroid hormone, is responsible for suppressing the immune system’s inflammatory response

Question 5

Acetylcholine

Answer 5

ACH. Neurotransmitter
Released by Preganglionic nerves

ACh is an ester of acetic acid and an organic alcohol called choline. Cholinergic nerves use choline, obtained in the diet, to produce ACh.

Question 6

Aldosterone Released

Answer 6

Released with adrenal stimulation during SNS.
Retains Na and water. Cause excretion of K in the urine
This increased blood volume and increased blood pressures.

Question 7

Flight or Flight Response

Answer 7

SNS: System responsible for preparing hte body to respond to stress.

The sympathetic stress reaction. ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; ADH, antidiuretic hormone; BP, blood pressure; GI, gastrointestinal; P, pulse; R, respiratory rate; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Question 8

Alpha Receptors

Answer 8

SNS adrenergic receptors found in smooth muscles of blood vessels, the eyes, and a variety of other organs.

Question 9

Alpha 1 Receptors

Answer 9

Alpha1-receptors are found in blood vessels, in the iris, and in the urinary bladder.
In blood vessels, they can cause vasoconstriction and increase peripheral resistance, thus raising blood pressure.
In the iris, they cause pupil dilation. In the urinary bladder, they cause the increased closure of the internal sphincter.

Question 10

Alpha 2 Receptors

Answer 10

are located on presynaptic nerve membranes and act as modulators of norepinephrine release. When norepinephrine is released from a nerve ending, it crosses the synaptic cleft to react with its specific receptor site.

Question 11

Beta Receptors

Answer 11

SNS adrenergic receptors that are found in the heart, lungs, bladder, uterus, and vascular smooth muscle

Question 12

Beta 1 Receptors

Answer 12

SNS Adrenergic Receptors
are found in cardiac tissue, where they can stimulate increased myocardial activity and increased heart rate. They are also responsible for increased lipolysis or breakdown of fat for energy in peripheral tissues.

Question 13

Beta 2 Receptors

Answer 13

Found in smooth muscle of blood vessels, bronchi, periphery and uterine muscle.
Blood vessle: stimulation leads to vasodilation
Bronchi: dilation
Periphery: cause increased muslce and liver breakdown of glycogen and increased released of glycogen from alpha cells.
Uterine: results in relaxed smooth muscle

Question 14

Beta 3 Receptors

Answer 14

Found in adipose tissues, GI tract, bladder and heart.
When stiluamtled, metabolism and lipolysis are increased.
These receptors are often resistant to blockade from antagonist.
Stimulation with agonist may help treat overactive bladder.

Question 18

Acetylcholine Release

Answer 18

The vesicles full of ACh move to the nerve membrane; when an action potential reaches the nerve terminal, calcium entering the cell causes the membrane to contract and secrete the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
The ACh travels across the synaptic cleft and reacts with specific cholinergic receptor sites on the effector cell

Question 19

Nicotinic Receptors

Answer 19

located in the CNS, adrenal medulla, autonomic ganglia, and neuromuscular junction.
cholinergic receptors respond to stimulation by nicotine located between pre- and postganglionic nerves and also at the neuromuscular junctions.
Stimulation causes skeletal muscle contractions, autonomic responses such as S&S of a stress reaction, and release of norepinephrine and epinephrine from the adrenal medulla.
When stimulated in the brain, there are a variety of different neurotransmitters released.
dopamine seems to be a prominent one released in the mesolimbic area that can cause strong feelings of reward and addiction.

Question 20

Muscarinic Receptors

Answer 20

cholinergic receptors that are stimulated by postganglionic nerves.
found in visceral effector organs: GI tract, bladder, and heart; in sweat glands; and in some vascular smooth muscle.
Stimulation causes pupil constriction, increased GI motility and secretions (including saliva), increased urinary bladder contraction, and a slowing of the heart rate.