Unit 2: Pharm: Chapter 59

Question 1

Antiemetic Agents Children

Answer 1

should be used with caution in children who are at higher risk for adverse effects, including CNS effects and fluid and electrolyte disturbances. Targeting the trigger causing the nausea and vomiting may be the best treatment strategy in many instances.

Question 2

Antiemetic Agents Adults

Answer 2

often used after surgery or chemotherapy, and precautions should be used to ensure that CNS effects do not interfere with mobility or other activities.
The safety of these drugs during pregnancy and lactation has not been established.

Question 3

Antiemetics Older Adults

Answer 3

likely to develop adverse effects associated with the use of these drugs, including sedation, confusion, dizziness, fluid imbalance, and CV effects.
Safety measures may be needed if these effects occur and interfere with the patient’s mobility and balance.

Question 4

Antiemetic Agents

Answer 4

Used for nausea and vomiting

All of them work by reducing the hyperactivity of the vomiting reflex in one of two ways: locally, to decrease the local response to stimuli that are being sent to the medulla to induce vomiting, or centrally, to block the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) or suppress the vomiting center directly.

Question 5

Chlorpromazine

Answer 5

Treatmentt of nausea and vomitng assoicated with anesthesia, hiccougth
Treatment of schizophrenia and other psychosis, mania, anxiety

Question 6

Perhapenazine

Answer 6

Treatment of severe nausea and vomting
Intractable hiccough in patients .12 years
Psychiatric symptoms

Question 7

Proclorperazine

Answer 7

Treatment and prevention of nausea, vomiting and motion sickness
Treamtent of allergic and Vasomotor rhinitis , allergic conjunctivitis, mild allergic skin manifestations, procedural sedation

Question 8

Metoclopramide: Nonphenothiazine

Answer 8

Treatment of GERD
Preventions of nausea and vomiting
Works by blocking dopamines reception and making hte GI cells more sensitive I to acetylcholine, which leads to increased GI activity and rapid movement through the upper GI tract

Question 9

5-HT3 Recpetor Blockers

Answer 9

receptor blockers block those receptors associated with nausea and vomiting in the CTZ and locally.

helpful in treating the nausea and vomiting associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy and radiation therapy and postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Used in both adults and children

Question 10

Phenothiazines

Answer 10

Centrally acting antiemetics that change the responsiveness or stimulation of the CTZ in the medulla.
Most work as dopamine antagonists which can be used for treatment of some psychiatric diagnoses.

Question 11

Phenothiazines Indications

Answer 11

recommended for the treatment of nausea and vomiting, including that specifically associated with anesthesia, severe vomiting, and intractable hiccoughs, which occur with repetitive stimulation of the diaphragm and lead to persistent diaphragm spasm.

Question 12

Phenothiazines Contraindications

Answer 12

antiemetics should not be used in patients with coma or severe central nervous system (CNS) depression or in those who have experienced brain damage or injury because of the risk of further CNS depression.
Other: include severe hypotension or hypertension and severe liver dysfunction, which might interfere with the metabolism of the drug.

Question 13

Phenothiazines Adverse Effects

Answer 13

linked to their interference with normal CNS stimulation or response.
Drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, tremor, and headache are common adverse effects.
Other: hypotension and cardiac arrhythmias. Autonomic effects such as dry mouth, nasal congestion, anorexia, pallor, sweating, and urinary retention often occur with phenothiazines

Question 14

5-Ht3 Receptor Blockers Adverse Effects

Answer 14

headache, dizziness, and myalgia related to their CNS effects.
Pain at the injection site, rash, constipation, diarrhea, hypotension, and urinary retention have also been reported.

Question 15

Substance P/Neurokin 1 Receptor Antagonist

Answer 15

Drugs act directly in the CNS to block receptors associated with nausea and vomiting with little to no effect on serotonin, dopamine, or corticosteroid receptors.
They have been found to work synergistically with serotonin antagonists and dexamethasone to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy.

Question 16

Aprepitant: Substance P/Neurokinin 1 Receptor Antagonist

Answer 16

In combination with other agents for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with severely emetogenic cancer chemotherapy.

Selectively blocks human substance P/NK1 receptors in the CNS, blocking the nausea and vomiting caused by highly emetogenic chemotherapeutic agents.

Question 17

Aprepitant: Substance P/Neurokinin 1 Receptor Antagonist Adverse Affects

Answer 17

Anorexia, fatigue, constipation, diarrhea, liver enzyme elevations, dehydration.