Unit 6: Chapter 48

Question 1

Sprains

Answer 1

which involves the ligamentous structures (strong bands of connective tissue) surrounding the joint, resembles a strain, but the pain and swelling subside more slowly. It
usually is caused by abnormal or excessive movement of the joint. With a sprain, the ligaments may be incompletely torn or, as in a severe sprain, completely torn or ruptured.

Question 2

Sprains Treatment

Answer 2

elevation of the part followed by local application of cold compresses may be sufficient.
Compression, accomplished using adhesive wraps or a removable splint, helps reduce swelling and provides support.
cast is applied for severe sprains, especially those severe enough to warrant surgical repair. Immobilization for a muscle strain is continued until the pain and swelling have subsided.
In a sprain, the affected joint is immobilized for several weeks.

Question 3

Loose Bodies

Answer 3

small pieces of bone or cartilage within a joint space. result from trauma to the joint or when cartilage has worn away from the articular surface, causing a necrotic piece of bone to separate and become free floating.
Symptoms: are painful and often cause catching and locking of the joint.
commonly seen in the knee, elbow, hip, and ankle
Causes osteoarthritis and restricted movement of not removed

Question 4

Meniscus Function

Answer 4

Function: load bearing and shock absorption
Help stabilize the knee by seeping the tibial socket and main thing the femur and tibia in proper position.
Also joint lubrication and source of nutrient ion for articular cartilage in the knee

Question 5

Meniscus Injury

Answer 5

occurs as the result of a rotational injury from a sudden or sharp pivot or a direct blow to the knee.

Loss of function is associated with progressive deterioration of knee function.16 Damaged articular cartilage has a limited capacity to heal because of its avascular nature and inadequate mobilization of regenerative cells

Question 6

of hip Risk Factors

Answer 6

Vary with age and sex
Younger than 80: skeletal issues
Older: falls
Osteoporoses and osteopenia are importation contributing factors

Question 7

Fractures

Answer 7

discontinuity of the bone, is the most common type of bone lesion.
Occurs when more stress is placed on the bone then it can absorb

Question 8

Fracture Classification

Answer 8

According to location, type and direction or pattern of the the fracture line
The degree of fracture is described in terms of a partial or complete break.

Question 9

Partial Fracture

Answer 9

greenstick: seen in children

Question 10

Compartment Syndrome

Answer 10

condition of increased pressure within a limited space (e.g., abdominal and limb compartments) that compromises the circulation and function of the tissue in the space

Question 11

Compartment Syndrome Manifestations

Answer 11

hallmark symptom: is severe pain that is out of proportion to the original injury or physical findings.
Nerve compression causes changes in sensation, diminished reflexes and loss of motor fucntion.
Symptoms begin quickly after an injury
Risk for necrosis

Question 12

Compartment Syndrome Treatment

Answer 12

Reducing compartments pressure
(Ie) splitting or removal or restive dressing
Elevating the extremity
Fasciotomy may be needed to relieve pressure

Question 13

Thromboemboli

Answer 13

Include PE and DVT
Persons with lower extremitiy injury are at risk for these.
Age and surgery increase the risk

Question 14

Fat Embolism Syndrome

Answer 14

refers to multiple life-threatening manifestations resulting from the presence of fat droplets in the small blood vessels of the lung, kidneys, brain, and other organs after a long bone or pelvic fracture.
Thought to be released from the bone marrow or adipose tissue at the fracture site into the venous system through torn veins.

Question 15

Fat Embolism Syndrome Manifestation

Answer 15

First: subtle change in behavior and signs of disorientation
Respiratory failure, cerebral dysfunction, and skin and mucosal petechiae.
Cerebral manifestations include encephalopathy, seizures, and focal neurologic deficits unrelated to head injury.
Usually, initial symptoms begin to develop within 12 to 72 hours of the injury.45

Question 16

Osteomyelitis

Answer 16

Acute or chronic infection of the bone
Caused by: direct penetration or contamination of an open feature or wound.

Question 17

Direct Penetration and Contiguous SPread Osteomyelitis

Answer 17

Most common cause of osteomyelitis from bacteria from penetration, open fracture or surgery.

Inadequate irrigation or debridement, introduction of foreign material into the wound, and extensive tissue injury increase the bone’s susceptibility to infection.

Question 18

Direct Penetration and Contiguous Spread Osteomyelitis Treatment

Answer 18

includes antibiotics and selective use of surgical interventions.
Antimicrobial agents are usually used prophylactically in people undergoing bone surgery.

Question 19

Osteonecrosis

Answer 19

Or death of a segment of bone, caused by the interruption of blood supply to the marrow, medullary bone, or cortex in the absence of infection
relatively common disorder and can occur in the medullary cavity of the metaphysis and the subchondral region of the epiphysis, especially in the proximal femur, distal femur, and proximal humerus.
Common complicating disorder of Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, sickle cell disease, steroid therapy, alcohol abuse, and hip trauma, fracture, or surgery.

Question 20

Osteonecrosis Etiology and Pathogenesis

Answer 20

results from ischemia, include mechanical vascular interruption with trauma or a fracture, thrombosis and embolism and vessel injury (e.g., vasculitis, radiation therapy).
Most frequent cause: high doses of corticosteroids
Other than fracture, the most common causes of bone necrosis are idiopathic (i.e., those of unknown cause) and prior steroid therapy.

Question 21

Neoplasms

Answer 21

Or bone tumors in the skeletal system

Primary bone tumors may arise from any of the skeletal components, including osseous bone tissue, cartilage, and bone marrow.
Benign: tend to grow slowly, do not spread to other parts of the body, and exert their effects through the space-occupying nature of the tumor and their ability to weaken bone structures.
Malignant: are rare before 10 years of age, have their peak incidence in the teenage years, tend to grow rapidly, and have a high mortality rate.

Question 22

Malignment Bone Tumors

Answer 22

tend to be ill defined, lack sharp borders, and extend beyond the confines of the bone.
Occur in all age groups and may arise in any part of the body.
Certain types of tumors tend to target certain age groups and anatomic sites.
Diagnosis: radiologic staging and biopsy
Other CT, MRI

Question 23

Osteosarcoma

Answer 23

Cause unknown
aggressive and highly malignant bone tumor.
It is the most common and most often occurs in children.
affects boys more than it does girls and accounts for about 56% of cases.
can develop in any bone, they most commonly arise in the vicinity of bone growth such as the knee, distal femur, or proximal humerus.

Question 24

Osteosarcoma Mainfestations

Answer 24

primary clinical feature of osteosarcoma is deep, localized pain with nighttime awakening and swelling in the affected bone, which tends to be of a sudden nature.
The skin overlying the tumor may be warm, shiny, and stretched, with prominent superficial veins.
The range of motion of the adjacent joint may be restricted.

Question 25

Metastatic Bone Disease

Answer 25

Skeletal metastases, or secondary tumors, are more common than primary tumors. Metastatic lesions are seen most often in the spine, femur, pelvis, ribs, sternum, proximal humerus, and skull and are less common in anatomic sites more distant from the trunk of the body. Predominant primary tumor sites with bone metastasis include prostate, colorectal, lung, and breast.

Question 26

Metastatic Bone Disease Treatment

Answer 26

The primary goals in treatment of metastatic bone disease are to prevent pathologic fractures and promote survival with maximum functioning and pain control. Standard treatment methods include chemotherapy, irradiation, and surgical stabilization.