causes of post menopausal bleeding
- endometrial cancer
- hormone replacement therapy
- peri-menopausal bleeding
- atrophic vaginitis
- polyps
- other cancers
management advanced stage endometrial cancer
radiotherapy
define 1st degree vaginal tear
through vaginal mucosa
implications of female sterilisation
- irreversible infertility
- no effect on periods/ hormones
- reduced risk of ovarian cancer
bladder voiding nerve supply and innervation type
S2-4
parasympathetic and voluntary
stress urinary incontinence
involuntary leakage of urine on effort/ exertion e.g. sneezing
organism responsible for erythrasma
corynebacterium minutissimum
explain APGAR score
A - appearance P- pulse G - grimace A - activity R - respiration
management cryptorchidism
orchiopexy
management of herpes
- most clear up on their own
- aciclovir
factors associated with placental abruption
- pre-eclampsia
- trauma
- multiple pregnancy
- chronic hypertension
- smoking
- increased age
- increased parity
- cocaine
- polyhydramnios
what happens in cystic fibrosis
defect of cellular chloride transport
pre-eclamptic toxaemia prophylaxis in subsequent pregnancy
low dose aspirin 12weeks –>
chlamydia presentation in women
- 70% asymptomatic
- dysuria
- green/ yellow discharge
- tummy/ pelvic pain
- pain duroc./.,hmgfz`
- pain during sex
- bleeding after sex
define enterocele
prolapse of upper posterior wall of vagina, usually containing loops of small bowel
main causes of secondary post partum haemorrhage
- retained tissue
- infection
- tears/ trauma
- endometriosis
cause bacterial vaginosis
- vit D deficiency
- potentially sexually transmissible
management vulvovaginal candidosis
azole antifungals
- clotrimazole PV once
- clotrimazole cream if vulvitis
define regular menstruation
<20 days variation in 12 months
treatment of seizures/ impending seizures as a result of pre-eclampsia
- magnesium sulfate bolus and IV infusion
- blood pressure control
- avoid fluid overload
non-obstructive causes azoospermia
- CF
- radiation and toxins
- hormone imbalances
- varicocele
- karyotype abnormality
- Y chromosome depletion
Almost 30,000 rubber duckies were lost at sea in the ‘90s and are still being found today.
and apparently they’ve helped reveal sea patterns or something
