azoospermia investigations
- history
- exam
- FSH
- LH
- testosterone
- karyotype
- cystic fibrosis screen
define andropause
testosterone falls by 1% a year >30
describe stage 3 ovarian cancer
one/both ovaries with peritoneal implants outside pelvis or + nodes
describe monozygotic twins
from 1 cleaved fertilised ova
we finish exams on 20th of March. what international day is this?
snowman burning day
describe post-natal depression
- continues from baby blues/ starts later
- classical depressive symptoms
- affects functioning, bonding and often requires treatment
presentation of postpartum/ puerperal psychosis
- hallucinations
- delusions
- manic mood
- low mood
- loss of inhibitions
- suspicious/ fearful
- restless
- very confused
describe twin-twin transfusion
one foetus donates blood to the other due to vascular anastomosis
most effective emergency contraception option
copper IUD. <120hours
preterm labour predisposing factors
- multiple preganancy
- previous preterm labour
- pre-eclampsia
- polyhydramnios
- APH
- infection
- premature rupture of membranes
- idiopathic
define normal volume menstruation
5-80ml/ cycle
benefits of colostrum
- protective factors
- concentrated nutrition
- strong anti-inflammatory factors
- stimulates gut growth
- small volumes
- laxative effects
management chlamydia
- 1 dose dozycycline
- 1 day azithromycin
what can be used to assess risk for neural tube defects
alpha feto protein
> 2 abnormal
clinical criteria for diagnosing pre-eclampsia
high blood pressure + >3 of:
- proteinuria
- reduced urine output
- clonus/ brisk reflexes
- papillodema
- epigastric tenderness
- convulsions
define suboptimal progression in labour
<0.5cm/ hour primigravid women
<1cm/hour parous women
haematological abnormalities that would be seen in pre-eclampsia
- low platelets
- low haemoglobin
- signs of haemolysis
management of labour
- breathing
- massage
- paracetamol
- dihydrocodeine
- birthing pool
- entonox
- opioids
- epidural
risk factors for ectopic pregnancy
- assisted conception
- pelvic inflammatory disease
- previous ectopic
- previous surgery
- IUD
how many contractions should be aimed for in 10 minutes
4/5
define grade IV placenta praevia
central placenta praevia
gonorrhoea investigations
- urine test
- low/ high vaginal swab
- anal swab
