A/10

Question 1

What is degeneration?

Answer 1

Reversible cellular dysfunction with morphological alteration

Question 2

What is the point of no return in cell injury? (3)

Answer 2

1. Inability to preserve mitochondrial integrity
2. Disturbance in membrane function and integrity
3. Ca influx activates autolytic enzymes

Question 3

3 types of reversible cell injury

Answer 3

1. Cellular swelling, vacuolar degeneration
2. Fatty degeneration
   (3. parenchymal degradation)

Question 4

Pathogenesis of cellular swelling/degeneration

Answer 4

Inability to maintain ionic and fluid homeostasis : cells pick up water when injured

Question 5

Cellular swelling / degeneration morphology (3)

Answer 5

• pale organ
• increase in weight
• increase in turgor

Question 6

Microscopy of cellular swelling/degeneration (2)

Answer 6

• vacuoles in the cytoplasm

- distended ER and mitochondria

Question 7

What is parenchymal degeneration

Answer 7

Old term for cellular swelling / vacuolar degeneration

Question 8

Example of organ for vacuolar degeneration

Answer 8

Kidneys

Question 9

Causes for fatty degeneration (5)

Answer 9

• toxins
• anoxia
• protein malnutrition
• diabetes
• obesity

Question 10

Morphology of fatty degeneration (2 types)

Answer 10

• diffuse - toxic effect

- mottled - hypoxic effect

Question 11

Which cells will be affected in fatty degradation

Answer 11

Cells which participate in fat metabolism : hepatocytes, myocardium, kidney

Question 12

How do we detect fatty degeneration microscopically?

Answer 12

Oil red or sudan black B

Question 13

2 pathways of FFA in the cell

Answer 13

• catabolism : cholesterol, PL, ketone bodies

- esterification : triglycerides, lipoproteins

Question 14

Pathogenesis of fatty degeneration (3)

Answer 14

1. Diabetes / obesity : saturation with FFA
2. Protein malnutrition / alcohol (toxic effect) : not enough proteins
3. Anoxia / alcohol : increased catabolism

Question 15

Organs affected by fatty degeneration

Answer 15

• Liver (e.g fatty liver)

- Heart (e.g tiger heart)