How many adults in the western world have chronic alcoholism?
5-10%
How many alcohol related deaths are due to cirrhosis of the liver?
25%
How much of the alcohol ingested is excreted unchanged?
less than 10%
Why can people with chronic alcoholism tolerate higher levels of alcohol?
because they have a 5-10x increase un cytochrome P450 system in the liver
3 systems that metabolize alcohol to acetaldehyde in the liver?
- alcohol dehydrogenase
- cytochrome P450 isoenzymes
- catalase
Effects of alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme? (3)
- Decreased NAD+, increased NADH
- Increase in fat accumulation
- Lactic acidosis
Most common enzyme of the CP450 system?
CYP2E1
Effects of CYP2E1 enzyme? (2)
- ROS
- lipid peroxidation of cell membranes
What converts acetaldehyde?
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
At what levels do we have possible cma and respiratory arrest?
Higher than 300mg/dL
Acute alcoholism effects (3)
- CNS effects (depressant)
- Liver effects : steatosis
- Stomach effects : gastritis, ulcers
Which areas of the brain are affected first and second by alcohol?
- first : subcortical areas
- second : cortical neurons and lower medullary centres (respiration!)
Effects of chronic alcoholism on liver? (3)
- Fatty change
- Alcoholic hepatitis
- Cirrhosis
Effects of chronic alcoholism on GI? (3)
- Gastritis
- Gastric ulcers
- Esophageal varices
Effects of chronic alcoholism on the cardiovascular system? (4)
- Dilated congestive cardiomyopathy
- Increased hypertension
- Increased risk of coronary heart disease
- Decreased HDL levels
Signs of fetal alcohol syndrome (4)
- microcephaly
- growth retardation
- facial deformations
- reduced mental function
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