Ways of classifying heart failure (4)
- Pathomechanism : systolic / diastolic
- Left / Right
- Depending on cardiac output
- Acute / chronic
What is the issue in systolic HF?
problem with ventricular emptying / ventricular contractlity
What happens to EF and SV in HF?
They are both reduced
What are the causes of systolic HF? (2)
- reduced contractility
- increased afterload
What causes reduced contractility?
myocardial infarction, dilated cardiomyopathy
What causes increased afterload?
systemic hypertension
What is diastolic HF?
When the ventricular filling during diastole is reduced
What happens to SV and EF in diastolic HF?
stroke volume is reduced but EF stays normal
Causes of diastolic HF? (2)
- decreased ventricular compliance
- decreased ventricular filling
What can cause decreased ventricular compliance? (4)
- ventricular hypertrophy
- restrictive cardiomyopathy
- pericardial tamponade
- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
What can cause decreased ventricular filling? (2)
- pulmonary embolism
- defective venous return
Biggest causes for heart failure (4)
- Ischemic heart disease
- arterial hypertension
- diabetes mellitus
- heart valve defect
Risk factors for heart failure (5)
- obesity
- smoking
- COPD
- drug abuse
- alcohol abuse
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