Chap 11

Question 1

master status

Answer 1

The perception that others will see a person solely in terms of one aspect rather than appreciating the person’s total self.

Question 2

Stigmatizedd groups awareness

Answer 2

Stigmatized groups are more aware of people’s comments and more likely to say they are minorities when describing themselves.

Question 3

Detecting prejudice

Answer 3

People who highly identify with their stigmatized group are more likely to detect prejudice.

Question 4

Stigma consciousness

Answer 4

believing that people in majority groups will perceive them in terms of their minority group membership.
can result in self fulfilling prophecies

Question 5

Person-group discrimination discrepency

Answer 5

endency for people to estimate that they personally experience less discrimination than is faced by the average members of their group.

Question 6

2 reasons person-group discrimination occurs

Answer 6

Might be motivated to deny that prejudice and discrimination affect their lives.
Could be to sustain their faith that society is good, and so justify the status quo.

Question 7

Motivation to affiliate

Answer 7

women high in a need to affiliate when talking to a sexist man acted more stereotypically and rated themselves more stereotypically. Women low in this need to affiliate do the opposite.

Question 8

Self objectification

Answer 8

when objectification is so prominent that girls begin to view themselves as objects to be looked at and judged.

Question 9

Stereotype threat

Answer 9

concern that one might do something to confirm a negative stereotype about one’s group eithers in one’s own eyes or someone else’s.

Question 10

When does stereotype threat occur

Answer 10

Strongest effects when the stigmatized identity is salient, the task is characterized as a diagnostic measure of abilities in which the group is inferior, led to believe their performance is going to be compared to superior groups, and individuals are aware of the stereotype and concerned with confirming it.

Question 11

Disidentification

Answer 11

no longer feeling that their performance in a domain is an important part of the self, and they stop caring about being successful. Result of stereotype threat and social identity theory.

Question 12

Reappraising anxiety

Answer 12

when people think they are stereotypes to do poorly, they are more likely to interpret difficulties as evidence the stereotype is true. Perform better if they reinterpret difficulties as normal challenges faced by anyone.

Question 13

Confronting people with biases

Answer 13

usually goes unchallenged because people who do the confronting are seen as complainers. People get angry and dislike who confronted them.

Question 14

Compensating for other biases

Answer 14

targets of prejudice compensate for negative stereotypes they think others have for them.

Question 15

Rejecting identification theory

Answer 15

negative consequences of being targeted by discrimination can be offset by a strong sense of identification and pride with a stigmatized group.

Question 16

Attributional ambiguity

Answer 16

people of a stigmatized group are unsure whether negative experiences are based on their own actions or a result of prejudice.

Question 17

Devaluing a domain

Answer 17

not caring about discrimination in a certain domain if it doesn’t affect you.

Question 18

Example of devaluing a domain

Answer 18

Make a choice between striving for success in these domains or calling into question the legitimacy of the society by devaluing them.
Like if the deck is stacked against you, you might decide it’s not important to you anyways.

Question 19

Oppositional cultures

Answer 19

creating a group identity that extremely devalues a domain. Like avoiding doing well in school if you’re a minority.

Question 20

Counterstereotypic

Answer 20

narratives that pervade the cultural landscape, the more people encounter those who defy their preconceived ideas about certain groups.

Question 21

Dual process approach of prejudice

Answer 21

prejudice usually automatic response. Controlling biases require awareness of the biases, which some don’t have. When it is controlled by an internalized goal of not being prejudiced, people can keep implicit biases from influencing their decisions. But usually it’s out of motivation to control perception, so feel more coerced to keep quiet on their prejudices.

Question 22

Cognitive control

Answer 22

Reduce implicit biases when told they need to cooparate. Tho, need to exert mental effort, and fall back on stereotypes.

Question 23

Allport 3 conditions to reduce prejudice

Answer 23

equal status between groups in the situation, contact is intimate and various allowing people to get acquainted, and contact involves intergroup cooperation towards a superordinate goal (a goal that is beyond the ability of anyone in the group), and institutional support is approved by authority law or custom.

Question 24

Effective form of reducing stereotypes

Answer 24

sharing intimate knowledge between groups. Allows them to be decategorized.

Question 25

Reducing anxiety and fostering empathy

Answer 25

Optimal contact reduced anxiety that the outgroup is differences, and leads to adopting eachothers perspectives.

Question 26

Stages of intergroup contact

Answer 26

1- initial contact 2- establish contact 2- common identity and recategorize

Question 27

Optimal distinctiveness

Answer 27

we are most likely to identify with groups that are large enough to foster a sense of community, and small enough to allow us to feel unique.

Question 28

Why does jigsaw classroom work

Answer 28

Its authority santiations, equal status, common goal, and cooperation.

Question 29

colour blind ideology

Answer 29

avoid any judgments based on group membership. Not great because it encourages efforts to control biases. Also implies everyone should conform to the status quo. More like a melting pot.

Question 30

Multicultural ideology

Answer 30

acknowledges and appreciates different viewpoints. Actively embracing diversity, not just tolerating. More like a salad bowl. Tend to be less implicitly and explicitly prejudiced. Less cognitively depleted than just trying to avoid it.